创建 Tkinter 个按钮的列表或字典以在不同的框架中使用

Question

So I have my Tkinter application that consist of multiple frame

All these multiple frames contain the same basic structure of many buttons; the only difference is that the buttons have a different bg on each page.

In my actual project, these buttons contain so many options, and so having to write the same basic code each time for all pages makes my code look unnecessarily long.

So I'm thinking: Is there a way to put all these buttons into a dictionary or list, and pack them onto each separate frame? (Bear in mind the button will need to inherit the bg variable from the specific frame.)

I've created a minimal example to illustrate what I mean:

import tkinter as tk 
from tkinter import *

listt = []
self = None
bg_colour_for_this_frame = None
button1 = Button(self,text="Button 1",bg=bg_colour_for_this_frame,fg='white')
button2 = Button(self,text="Button 2",bg=bg_colour_for_this_frame,fg='blue')
button3 = Button(self,text="Button 3",bg=bg_colour_for_this_frame,fg='orange')
listt.append(button1)
listt.append(button2)
listt.append(button3)

class Tkinter(tk.Tk):

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        tk.Tk.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
        container = tk.Frame(self)
        container.pack(side="top", fill="both", expand=True)
        container.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
        container.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
        self.frames = {}
        for F in (StartPage, SecondPage):
            frame = F(container, self)
            self.frames[F] = frame
            frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")
        self.show_frame(StartPage)

    def show_frame(self, cont):
        frame = self.frames[cont]
        frame.tkraise()
        frame.winfo_toplevel().geometry("860x864")
        frame.configure(bg='#000000')

class StartPage(tk.Frame):

    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
        Button(self,text='SecondPage',command=lambda:controller.show_frame(SecondPage)).pack()
        for s in listt:
            s.pack()

class SecondPage(tk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
        Button(self,text='StartPage',command=lambda:controller.show_frame(StartPage)).pack()
        for s in listt:
            s.pack()

app = Tkinter()
app.mainloop()

Or maybe, instead of having a list, use a dictionary:

listt = {'button1':'Button[root,text="Button 1",bg=bg_colour_for_this_frame,fg="white"]',
        'button2':'Button[root,text="Button 2",bg=bg_colour_for_this_frame,fg="red"]',
        'button3':'Button[root,text="Button 3",bg=bg_colour_for_this_frame,fg="blue"]',
       }

I get the error:

s.pack()
AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'pack'

Answer 1

Since you can't create the Button s before the page they're on exists, It would be simpler to make a function and call it during the initialization of each of the page classes — like the make_buttons() shown below:

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import *

# Button options for all pages.
BTN_OPTS = [dict(text="Button 1", fg='white'),
            dict(text="Button 2", fg='blue'),
            dict(text="Button 3", fg='orange')]


def make_buttons(parent, bg_colour):
    return [Button(parent, bg=bg_colour, **opts) for opts in BTN_OPTS]


class Tkinter(tk.Tk):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        tk.Tk.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
        container = tk.Frame(self)
        container.pack(side="top", fill="both", expand=True)
        container.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
        container.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)

        self.frames = {}
        for F in (StartPage, SecondPage):
            frame = F(container, self)
            self.frames[F] = frame
            frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")
        self.show_frame(StartPage)

    def show_frame(self, cont):
        frame = self.frames[cont]
        frame.tkraise()
        frame.winfo_toplevel().geometry("860x864")
        frame.configure(bg='#000000')


class StartPage(tk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
        Button(self, text='SecondPage',
               command=lambda: controller.show_frame(SecondPage)).pack()
        for btn in make_buttons(self, 'Pink'):
            btn.pack()


class SecondPage(tk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
        Button(self, text='StartPage',
               command=lambda: controller.show_frame(StartPage)).pack()
        for btn in make_buttons(self, 'green'):
            btn.pack()

app = Tkinter()
app.mainloop()

A more sophisticated and object-oriented approach would be to define a base class for all page classes that had a method in it something like the function above, and then derive the concrete subclasses from that allowing them just inherit the method. It also gets rid of the global data because the button options are now in a (base) class attribute.

Here's a runnable example of how it could be done that way. Note: it requires Python 3.6+ because it uses object.__init_subclass__() which was added in that version:

import tkinter as tk


class Tkinter(tk.Tk):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        tk.Tk.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
        container = tk.Frame(self)
        container.pack(side="top", fill="both", expand=True)
        container.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
        container.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)

        self.frames = {}
        for F in (StartPage, SecondPage):
            frame = F(container, self)
            self.frames[F] = frame
            frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")
        self.show_frame(StartPage)

    def show_frame(self, cont):
        frame = self.frames[cont]
        frame.tkraise()
        frame.winfo_toplevel().geometry("860x864")
        frame.configure(bg='#000000')


class BasePage(tk.Frame):
    # Button options common to all pages.
    BTN_OPTS = [dict(text="Button 1", fg='white'),
                dict(text="Button 2", fg='blue'),
                dict(text="Button 3", fg='orange')]

    @classmethod
    def __init_subclass__(cls, /, bg_color, **kwargs):
        super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
        cls.bg_color = bg_color

    def __init__(self, parent, controller, text, command):
        super().__init__(parent)
        tk.Button(self, text=text, command=command).pack()  # Next page button.
        for btn in (tk.Button(self, bg=self.bg_color, **opts) for opts in self.BTN_OPTS):
            btn.pack()


class StartPage(BasePage, bg_color='pink'):
    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        super().__init__(parent, controller, text='SecondPage',
                         command=lambda: controller.show_frame(SecondPage))


class SecondPage(BasePage, bg_color='green'):
    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        super().__init__(parent, controller, text='StartPage',
                         command=lambda: controller.show_frame(StartPage))


app = Tkinter()
app.mainloop()