在 Python/ctypes 中的结构内取消引用 C function 指针

Question

I have the following struct and function declaration in C:

typedef int (*callback)(struct instance *);

typedef struct instance {
    int x;
    callback f;
} instance;

What would be the proper way to define the callback in Python using ctypes?

I'm trying to do declare the struct in Python the following way:

class INSTANCE_STRUCT(ctypes.Structure):
       _fields_ = [("x", c_int),
                   ("f", c_void_p)]

So basically I'm using c_void_p to declare f as a void pointer and would like to cast it to a function.

I'm creating the structure in the C source on the heap with malloc, and then in Python I'm accessing it as follows:

instance = ctypes.cast(pointer_to_structure, ctypes.POINTER(INSTANCE_STRUCT))
print(instance.contents.x)
print(instance.contents.f)

Running the script gives me the following output:

Initializing struct x=[4] with function f() result=[8] // this happens in C and is correct
4 // value of instance.x
140027207110960 // address of instance.f (?)

Now having the address of instance.f() I assume I'd need to cast it somehow to a python method. I tried this:

def CALLBACK_FUNC(self, structure):
     pass

callback = ctypes.cast(instance.contents.f, ctypes.POINTER(CALLBACK_FUNC))

But it just throws the error:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "binding_test.py", line 19, in <module>
    callback = ctypes.cast(instance.contents.f, ctypes.POINTER(callback_function))
TypeError: must be a ctypes type

Does anybody know what would be the way to dereference the instance.f() function in Python, considering that the callback function should have the INSTANCE_STRUCT object itself as a parameter?

Answer 1

Function pointers can use CFUNCTYPE(retval,params...) to declare C function pointers. The code below is a guess based on the description and minimal code:

test.c

#if defined(_WIN32)
#   define API __declspec(dllexport)
#else
#   define API
#endif

#include <stdlib.h>

struct instance; // forward declaration...

typedef int (*callback)(struct instance *); // so callback can be defined...

typedef struct instance { // and structure declared.
    int x;
    callback f;
} instance;

int func(instance* p) {  // Callback
    return ++p->x;
}

API instance* get_instance(void) {
    instance* p = malloc(sizeof(instance));
    p->x = 5;
    p->f = func;
    return p;
}

API void free_instance(instance* p) {
    free(p);
}

test.py

from ctypes import *

# Forward declaration...
class Instance(Structure):
    pass

# so the callback parameter pointer can be declared...
CALLBACK = CFUNCTYPE(c_int,POINTER(Instance))

# and then the fields can be defined.
Instance._fields_ = (('x',c_int),
                     ('f',CALLBACK))

dll = CDLL('./test')
dll.get_instance.argtypes = ()
dll.get_instance.restype = POINTER(Instance)
dll.free_instance.argtypes = POINTER(Instance),
dll.free_instance.restype = None

instance = dll.get_instance()
try:
    print(instance.contents.x)
    print(instance.contents.f(instance))
    print(instance.contents.f(instance))
    print(instance.contents.f(instance))
finally:
    dll.free_instance(instance)

Output:

5
6
7
8

References:

• https://docs.python.org/3/library/ctypes.html#incomplete-types
• https://docs.python.org/3/library/ctypes.html#callback-functions