在 C 程序中捕获一个字符但显示其他内容

Question

Is it even possible to write a C program that waits for the user input (like cin in C++) and when a user strikes just one key (no enter), let's say, "a" character on the keyboard the terminal would display "b" (and still wait for the enter)? If so - how can I achieve this?

Answer 1

It is possible, but it's not what "standard" C deals with. You need additional library to achieve this.

You need to realize that standard C (or C++) functions are not meant to work with "keys", or "screen", or "terminal". The only thing they can perform is so-called "standard input and output", which is limited to writing characters somewhere , and reading characters from somewhere . Source and target of characters are not strictly defined and depend on what's attached to the IO streams.

When you think about keys, screens, and terminals, you think about more specific things. You are not interested just with sending and receiving characters between some unspecified places. You want them to come exactly from keys, and end up on the screen. For this, you need a library which would know how to work with keys and screen. One of such libraries is, for example, ncurses , but there are probably other alternatives.

There are some potential issues related to use of additional libraries: availability, portability, maintainability, etc. You need to account for these factors when you decide what exactly library to use, because final choice depends on your requirements: what platform are you working with? Do you want your code to be portable?

Answer 2

For Windows , use the conio.h library function getch() , same for Linux but curses.h instead as an example:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h> /* or curses if you are on linux*/


int main(void)
{
  int c = 0;

  c = getch();

  if (c == 'a')
  {
    putchar('b');
    getchar(); /* waiting for a newline */
  }

  return 0;
}

Beware getch() is not a standard C function.

Edit: As Lundin pointed out in the comments, this is an MS DOS implementation not Windows as I falsely flagged it.

More about curses here and getch() here

Answer 3

Since you are on Linux and you don't need to store the real input, you can try with termios.h :

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <termios.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#define KEY_ENTER   0x000a
#define KEY_ESCAPE  0x001b

static struct termios term, oterm;

static int getch(void);
static int kbhit(void);
static int kbesc(void);
static int kbget(void);

static int getch(void)
{
    int c = 0;

    tcgetattr(0, &oterm);
    memcpy(&term, &oterm, sizeof(term));
    term.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
    term.c_cc[VMIN] = 1;
    term.c_cc[VTIME] = 0;
    tcsetattr(0, TCSANOW, &term);
    c = getchar();
    tcsetattr(0, TCSANOW, &oterm);
    return c;
}

static int kbhit(void)
{
    int c = 0;

    tcgetattr(0, &oterm);
    memcpy(&term, &oterm, sizeof(term));
    term.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
    term.c_cc[VMIN] = 0;
    term.c_cc[VTIME] = 1;
    tcsetattr(0, TCSANOW, &term);
    c = getchar();
    tcsetattr(0, TCSANOW, &oterm);
    if (c != -1) ungetc(c, stdin);
    return ((c != -1) ? 1 : 0);
}

static int kbesc(void)
{
    int c;
    
    while (kbhit())
    {
        c = getch();
    }
    return c;
}

static int kbget(void)
{
    int c;

    c = getch();
    return (c == KEY_ESCAPE) ? kbesc() : c;
}

int main(void)
{
    int c;

    while (1)
    {
        c = kbget();
        if (c == KEY_ENTER)
        {
            break;
        }
        putchar('b');
    }
    printf("\n");
    return 0;
}

For more complex things consider ncurses

Answer 4

If you're trying to change the input of the user before he presses enter, you'll need to change some configurations of the terminal. The code bellow will read the user input char by char and change any a's to b's. It stops after enter has been pressed.

#include <termios.h>
#include <unistd.h>

int main(void) {
  struct termios oldterm, newterm;
  tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &oldterm); // save current config
  // set new config
  newterm = oldterm;
  newterm.c_lflag &= ~(ECHO | ECHOE | ECHOK | ECHONL | ICANON);
  tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSAFLUSH, &newterm);

  char ch = 0;
  while (read(STDIN_FILENO, &ch, 1) && ch != '\n') {
    if (ch == 'a') // show a's as b's
      write(STDOUT_FILENO, "b", 1);
    else if (ch == 127) // allows deleting chars
      write(STDOUT_FILENO, "\b \b", 3);
    else // other chars
      write(STDOUT_FILENO, &ch, 1);
  }

  // return to old config
  tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &oldterm);

  return 0;
}

You can save the real input by storing the read chars, ch , in an array.