使用 Callable 和 ExecutorCompletionService，future.cancel() 不起作用

Question

I am using a bunch of callables to search a list in individual chunks, once one returns true, I want to cancel all the other running callables. future.cancel is not cancelling them

My NumberFinder

    public class NumberFinderImpl implements NumberFinder {
  // how many threads the exucutor will use to start the callables
  private final int NUMBER_THREADS = 20;
  // the amount of elements in the array we will search in each callable chunk
  private final int CHUNK_ARRAY_SIZE = 5;

  @Override
  public boolean contains(int valueToFind, List<CustomNumberEntity> arrayToSearch) {
    long startTime = System.nanoTime();
    ExecutorService WORKER_THREAD_POOL = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(NUMBER_THREADS);
    CompletionService<Boolean> completionService =
        new ExecutorCompletionService<>(WORKER_THREAD_POOL);
    int numberOfChunksNeeded = (int) Math.ceil(arrayToSearch.size() / CHUNK_ARRAY_SIZE);
    // get a callable for each chunk search
    List<Callable<Boolean>> callablesForEachChunkSearch =
        getCallablesForEachChunk(
            CHUNK_ARRAY_SIZE, numberOfChunksNeeded, valueToFind, arrayToSearch);
    // start the callables and collect the futures
    List<Future<Boolean>> futuresForCallables =
        callablesForEachChunkSearch
            .stream()
            .map(completionService::submit)
            .collect(Collectors.toList());
    for (int j = 0; j < futuresForCallables.size(); j++) {
      try {
        // take().get() is blocking
        // so if a callable is not done yet
        // it will wait until it is before proceeding
        Boolean chunkResult = completionService.take().get();
        if (chunkResult) {
          long endTime = System.nanoTime();
          long timeTaken = endTime - startTime;
          // TimeUnit
          long timeInSeconds = TimeUnit.SECONDS.convert(timeTaken, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
          System.out.println("Search time in seconds" + timeInSeconds);
          for (Future<Boolean> future : futuresForCallables) {
            // cancel all the other running callables
            future.cancel(true);
          }
          return true;
        }
      } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
      } catch (ExecutionException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
      }
    }
    for (Future<Boolean> future : futuresForCallables) {
      // cancel all the other running callables
      future.cancel(true);
    }
    long endTime = System.nanoTime();
    long timeTaken = endTime - startTime;
    // TimeUnit
    long timeInSeconds = TimeUnit.SECONDS.convert(timeTaken, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
    System.out.println("Search time in seconds" + timeInSeconds);
    return false;
  }

  // get a list of callables that each search a certain chunk of the array
  private List<Callable<Boolean>> getCallablesForEachChunk(
      int chunkArraySize,
      int numberOfChunksNeeded,
      int valueToFind,
      List<CustomNumberEntity> arrayToSearch) {
    List<Callable<Boolean>> callableList = new ArrayList<>(numberOfChunksNeeded);
    for (int i = 0; i < numberOfChunksNeeded; i++) {
      int startPosForCallable = 0;
      if (i > 0) {
        startPosForCallable = i * chunkArraySize;
      }
      // dont let end pos go out of bounds
      // if the chunk extends past the size, just set endPos as the end of the array
      int endPosForCallable =
          Math.min(startPosForCallable + chunkArraySize - 1, arrayToSearch.size());
      Callable<Boolean> callableSearch =
          new NumberFinderCallable(
              arrayToSearch, valueToFind, startPosForCallable, endPosForCallable);
      callableList.add(callableSearch);
    }
    return callableList;
  }

My callable that does the searching

    public class NumberFinderCallable implements Callable<Boolean> {

  private List<CustomNumberEntity> arrayToSearch;
  private int startPos;
  private int endPos;
  private int valueToSearchFor;

  public NumberFinderCallable(
      List<CustomNumberEntity> arrayToSearch, int valueToSearchFor, int startPos, int endPos) {
    this.arrayToSearch = arrayToSearch;
    this.startPos = startPos;
    this.endPos = endPos;
    this.valueToSearchFor = valueToSearchFor;
  }

  @Override
  public Boolean call() {
    System.out.println(
        "Callable started, searching the chunk of array with start pos "
            + startPos
            + " and end pos "
            + endPos);
    for (int i = startPos; i <= endPos; i++) {
      System.out.println(
          "Callable is comparing a number in pos "
              + i
              + " in the chunk with star pos "
              + +startPos
              + " and end pos "
              + endPos);
      if (FastestComparator.compare(valueToSearchFor, arrayToSearch.get(i)) == 0) {
        System.out.println("element found in pos " + i + ". Returning true");
        return true;
      }
    }
    return false;
  }
}

I can see from the logs even after a true result is found and all the futures are cancelled that the threads are still going

Answer 1

Based on your previous question you have made it clear that you are trying to parallelize this contains method because of performance reasons and not for learning about the API. However, IMO you have made the mistake of assuming that this method actually needs to be optimized.

I have made an ad hoc test for a list with 100000000 (100 million) elements, and for the worst-case scenario i.e., trying to find an element that does not exist in the list. For the sequential contain method

list.contains(Integer.MAX_VALUE)

it took in average approximately:

0.25 seconds

And the parallel version using streams:

list.parallelStream().anyMatch(i -> i.equals(Integer.MAX_VALUE))

it took in average approximately:

 0.19 seconds

A speedup of 1.32x in a 4 core machine. I highly doubt it that one will achieve a lot more than that. Not to mention the maintainability and readability of:

list.parallelStream().anyMatch(i -> i.equals(Integer.MAX_VALUE))

versus a potential parallel solution using explicitly executors and so on.

If the contain method is that important performance-wise, and one does not have duplicated elements in the list, one should consider using a HashSet for a constant complexity time contain method.

Answer 2

Instead of ExecutorService

ExecutorService WORKER_THREAD_POOL = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(NUMBER_THREADS);

Use ThreadPoolExecutor

ThreadPoolExecutor WORKER_THREAD_POOL = (ThreadPoolExecutor) Executors.newFixedThreadPool(NUMBER_THREADS);

Then do a purge() to release threads of cancelled futures, eg

future.cancel(true);
WORKER_THREAD_POOL.purge();