AttributeError: '_hashlib.HASH' object 没有属性 'startswith'

Question

class Block:
   def __init__(self):
      self.verified_transactions = []
      self.previous_block_hash = ""
      self.Nonce = ""

   def mine(message, difficulty=1):
      assert difficulty >= 1
      prefix = '1' * difficulty
      for i in range(1000):
         digest = hashlib.sha256(str(hash(message)).encode('utf-8') + str(i).encode('utf-8'))
         if digest.startswith(prefix):
            print ("after " + str(i) + " iterations found nonce: "+ digest)
         return digest

error: Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "c:/Users/thoma/Desktop/Client.py", line 113, in <module>
    Block.mine ("test message", 2)
  File "c:/Users/thoma/Desktop/Client.py", line 94, in mine
    if str(digest.startswith(prefix)):
AttributeError: '_hashlib.HASH' object has no attribute 'startswith'

---- complete code-----

# import libraries
import hashlib
import random
import string
import json
import binascii
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import pylab as pl
import logging
import datetime
import collections
# following imports are required by PKI
import Cryptodome
import Cryptodome.Random
from Cryptodome.Hash import SHA
from Cryptodome.PublicKey import RSA
from Cryptodome.Signature import PKCS1_v1_5


transactions = []
last_block_hash = ""
TPCoins = []

def sha256(message):
      return hashlib.sha256(message.encode('ascii')).hexdigest()

class Client:
   def __init__(self):
      random = Cryptodome.Random.new().read
      self._private_key = RSA.generate(1024, random)
      self._public_key = self._private_key.publickey()
      self._signer = PKCS1_v1_5.new(self._private_key)

   @property
   def identity(self):
      return binascii.hexlify(self._public_key.exportKey(format='DER')).decode('ascii')

class Transaction:
   def __init__(self, sender, recipient, value):
      self.sender = sender
      self.recipient = recipient
      self.value = value
      self.time = datetime.datetime.now() 

   def to_dict(self):
      if self.sender == "Genesis":
         identity = "Genesis"
      else:
         identity = self.sender.identity

      return collections.OrderedDict({
         'sender': identity,
         'recipient': self.recipient,
         'value': self.value,
         'time' : self.time})

   def sign_transaction(self):
      private_key = self.sender._private_key
      signer = PKCS1_v1_5.new(private_key)
      h = SHA.new(str(self.to_dict()).encode('utf8'))
      return binascii.hexlify(signer.sign(h)).decode('ascii')

   def display_transaction(transaction):
      #for transaction in transactions:
      dict = transaction.to_dict()
      print ("sender: " + dict['sender'])
      print ('-----')
      print ("recipient: " + dict['recipient'])
      print ('-----')
      print ("value: " + str(dict['value']))
      print ('-----')
      print ("time: " + str(dict['time']))
      print ('-----')

   def dump_blockchain (self):
      print ("Number of blocks in the chain: " + str(len (self)))
      for x in range (len(TPCoins)):
         block_temp = TPCoins[x]
         print ("block # " + str(x))
         for transaction in block_temp.verified_transactions:
            Transaction.display_transaction (transaction)
            print ('--------------')
         print ('=====================================')

class Block:
   def __init__(self):
      self.verified_transactions = []
      self.previous_block_hash = ""
      self.Nonce = ""

   def mine(message, difficulty=1):
      assert difficulty >= 1
      prefix = '1' * difficulty
      for i in range(1000):
         digest = hashlib.sha256(str(hash(message)).encode('utf-8') + str(i).encode('utf-8'))
         if digest.startswith(prefix):
            print ("after " + str(i) + " iterations found nonce: "+ digest)
         return digest


#genesis block & users initialisation
Thomas = Client()
IoT_Sensor = Client()
Node = Client()
IoT_Device = Client()
t0 = Transaction("Genesis",Thomas.identity,200.0)
block0 = Block()
block0.previous_block_hash = None
Nonce = None
block0.verified_transactions.append (t0)
digest = hash (block0)
last_block_hash = digest
TPCoins.append (block0)
Transaction.dump_blockchain(TPCoins)
Block.mine ("test message", 2)

Any thoughts? I am working off a tutorial @ python blockchain tutorial

I believe the issue is the variable digest is not a str but rather a hashlib.sha256 object and thus.startswith() is not recognised. I have tried casting to str() without any luck.

Thanks for any help everyone.

Solution thanks to furas:)

def mine(message, difficulty=1):
      assert difficulty >= 1
      prefix = '1' * difficulty
      for i in range(1000):
         digest = sha256(str(hash(message)) + str(i))
         if digest.startswith(prefix):
            print ("after " + str(i) + " iterations found nonce: "+ digest)
            return digest

output:

after 303 iterations found nonce: 11337d455c3d425b33cbeeb23fc87d6a3e7c05bf0d27f648e6c9df2f87eea2fb

Answer 1

See tutorial again.

It uses own function sha256() instead of standard hashlib.sha256() and this sha256() has .hexdigest() at the end:

def sha256(message):
    return hashlib.sha256(message.encode('ascii')).hexdigest()

And later it uses this sha256() before digest.startswith()

  digest = sha256(...)
  if digest.startswith(prefix):
      # ... code ...

And your forgot .hexdigest() in your code.

  digest = hashlib.sha256(...).hexdigest()
  if digest.startswith(prefix):
      # ... code ...

---

By the way: I think return digest in tutorial is in wrong place - it will return digest in first loop but it should do this inside if digest.startswith(prefix):

     digest = hashlib.sha256(str(hash(message)).encode('utf-8') + str(i).encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()

     if digest.startswith(prefix):
        print("after", i, "iterations found nonce:", digest)
        return digest

If after 1000 iterations it will not find digest with prefix then it will return None