std::async 的非阻塞调用：这个版本有多危险？

Question

Some time ago I was looking for a way to invoke std::async without the need of storing std::future , thus not blocking the execution at the end of the scope. I found this answer which uses a captured std::shared_ptr for an std::future , therefore allowing to make a nonblocking call to std::async .

Another way of deferring a destructor invocation is to prevent it from to be called at all. This can be achieved with in-place construction with operator new .

Consider this version that uses a static thread local storage for an in-place constructed std::future<void> :

template <class F>
void call_async(F&& fun) {
    thread_local uint8_t buf[sizeof(std::future<void>)] = {0};
    auto fut = new(buf) std::future<void>();
    *fut = std::async(std::launch::async, [fun]() {
        fun();
    });
}

This version will not produce any heap-allocation related overhead, but it seems very illegal, though I am not sure why in particular.

I am aware that it is UB to use an object before it has been constructed, which is not the case. I am not sure why not calling delete in this case would resolve in UB (for heap allocation it is not UB).

Possible problems that I see:

• calling a constructor on one object multiple times
• race condition when modifying the state (inner std::promise I suppose)

https://ideone.com/C44cfe

UPDATE

Constructing an object in the static storage directly (as has mentioned IlCapitano in the comments) will block each time a move assignment is called (shared state will be destroyed blocking the thread which has removed last reference to it).

Not calling a destructor will case a leak because of not released references to the shared state.

Answer 1

It's undefined behaviour to end the lifetime of a non-trivial object without calling it's destructor, which happens as soon as there is a second call_async invocation.

"heap-allocation related overhead" is a misnomer if the only alternative is undefined behaviour. The future returned by async has to live somewhere .

The updated code has defined behaviour: it waits for the previous invocation to be done before launching the next one.

Answer 2

Calling std::async and ignoring the result sounds like "fire and forget". The simplest way to do that is to not use std::async , but to create a detached thread:

std::thread thr(func, data...);
thr.detach();