类型错误：调用 tensorflow 优化器 `apply_gradients` 时第一个参数必须是可调用的

Question

I hope someone can help me resolve this issue which has been driving me crazy for days. I am building something somehow inspired to this keras example. I am trying to manually calculate the gradient of a.network but I can't figure out what I am doing wrong. Here is the model definition

inputs = layers.Input(shape=(state_dim,))
layer1 = layers.Dense(l1_dim, activation="relu")(inputs)
ayer2 = layers.Dense(l2_dim, activation="relu")(layer1)
action = layers.Dense(num_actions, activation="softmax")(layer2)
critic = layers.Dense(1, activation=None)(layer2)

model = keras.Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=[critic, action])
# model.compile(optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=learning_rate))
optimizer = keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=learning_rate)

then I have my training loop, given set (state, action, reward, terminal, state_):

state = tf.convert_to_tensor([state], dtype=tf.float32)
state_ = tf.convert_to_tensor([state_], dtype=tf.float32)
reward = tf.convert_to_tensor(reward, dtype=tf.float32)  # not fed to NN
with tf.GradientTape(persistent=True) as tape:
     state_value, probs = model(state)
     state_value_, _ = model(state_)
     state_value = tf.squeeze(state_value)
     state_value_ = tf.squeeze(state_value_)

     action_probs = tfp.distributions.Categorical(probs=probs)
     log_prob = action_probs.log_prob(action)

     delta = reward + self.gamma * state_value_ * (1 - int(terminal)) - state_value
     actor_loss = -log_prob * delta
     critic_loss = delta ** 2
     total_loss = actor_loss + critic_loss

gradient = tape.gradient(total_loss, model.trainable_variables)
optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradient, model.trainable_variables))

However on my last line of code, when calling optimizer.apply_gradients I get the following error:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/maccheroni/.virtualenvs/rl_gym/lib/python3.9/site-packages/keras/optimizer_v2/optimizer_v2.py", line 639, in apply_gradients
    self._create_all_weights(var_list)
  File "/Users/maccheroni/.virtualenvs/rl_gym/lib/python3.9/site-packages/keras/optimizer_v2/optimizer_v2.py", line 829, in _create_all_weights
    self._create_hypers()
  File "/Users/maccheroni/.virtualenvs/rl_gym/lib/python3.9/site-packages/keras/optimizer_v2/optimizer_v2.py", line 977, in _create_hypers
    self._hyper[name] = self.add_weight(
  File "/Users/maccheroni/.virtualenvs/rl_gym/lib/python3.9/site-packages/keras/optimizer_v2/optimizer_v2.py", line 1192, in add_weight
    variable = self._add_variable_with_custom_getter(
  File "/Users/maccheroni/.virtualenvs/rl_gym/lib/python3.9/site-packages/tensorflow/python/training/tracking/base.py", line 816, in _add_variable_with_custom_getter
    new_variable = getter(
  File "/Users/maccheroni/.virtualenvs/rl_gym/lib/python3.9/site-packages/keras/engine/base_layer_utils.py", line 106, in make_variable
    init_val = functools.partial(initializer, shape, dtype=dtype)
TypeError: the first argument must be callable

and I really don't understand why, because I have read so many tutorials, followed so many examples and they seem all to use this function in this way.

Answer 1

I also had the same error and found the solution. In my case, the initialization of the optimizer:

optimizer = keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=learning_rate)

was using the variable learning_rate which was None . initializting with a number or simply:

optimizer = keras.optimizers.Adam()

solved the issue. In your case, it is not clear, what learning_rate is but you might check this out.