Python 检查继承摘要中的属性类型 class

Question

I have a basic abstract class structure such as the following:

from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod

class BaseClass(metaclass=ABCMeta):
   @property
   @abstractmethod
   def class_name(self):
       pass

   @property
   @abstractmethod
   def class_val(self):
       pass

   @abstractmethod
   def foo(self):
       pass

   def bar(self):
       # do something


class ChildClass1(BaseClass):
    class_name = "Child1"
    class_val = 1

    def foo(self):
        # do something else


class ChildClass2(BaseClass):
    class_name = "Child2"
    class_val = 2

    def foo(self):
        # do something else again

This works to basically do what I want, ie, it lets me define variations of a base class which share the same implementation of the method bar() but have different implementations of foo() , with different class-specific attributes -- all of which must be implemented in the child classes, otherwise it raises the error TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class ChildClass1 with abstract methods class_name (for example, if I try implement it without the class_name class attribute).

This is almost what I want. However I would like to know if there is any way I can force the child classes to have a string type for the class_name attribute, an int type for the class_val attribute, etc.?

Answer 1

The best thing to do would be to use type hints , and then validate the type hints using a third party tool such as mypy :

class BaseClass(metaclass=ABCMeta):
   @property
   @abstractmethod
   def class_name(self) -> str:
       pass

   @property
   @abstractmethod
   def class_val(self) -> int:
       pass

   @abstractmethod
   def foo(self):
       pass

   def bar(self):
       pass

If you try to define a subclass with the wrong types for the properties, mypy will throw an error, eg with:

class ChildClass2(BaseClass):
    class_name = "Child2"
    class_val = "a"

    def foo(self):
        pass

you'd get the error along the lines of:

test.py: error: Incompatible types in assignment
(expression has type "str", base class "BaseClass" defined the type as "int")

This technically doesn't stop someone from defining a subclass that has the wrong type, since the Python runtime ignores type hints. However, an approach that raises an error if a bad type is encountered would likely need a call to isinstance() for each instance variable, which would become unwieldy if you have a lot of properties that you want to enforce the types for.