如何使 alpha（透明度）在 ggplot 图例中显示为连续渐变？

Question

Is it possible to make the transparency (alpha) appear as a continuous gradient in the ggplot legend? Currently, the plot looks like this:

Here, the different values for alpha are represented by dots in a different transparency. I would like it to be represented as a bar with a continuous transparency gradient as illustrated below (but as a gradient of transparency instead of color):

The code I use for making the plot is this:

    df %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = intraEU_trade_bymemberstate_pct,
             y = gini_eurostat, 
             alpha = year, 
             size = GDP_percap_currentUSD,
             color = as.factor(lowGDP_percap_currentUSD))) + 
    geom_point() + 
    geom_smooth(method="lm", formula = y ~ x, show.legend = FALSE, color = "#6c757d") +
    theme_few() + 
    scale_colour_manual(name="GDP per capita \n(dummy)",
                        labels = c("Above-average", "Below-average"), 
                        values = c("#046d9a", "#ce5348")) +
    scale_alpha_continuous(range = c(0.1, 1)) + 
    scale_size(range=c(0.3, 4)) + # control the size of the dots
    guides(alpha = guide_legend(order = 1), 
           size = guide_legend(order = 2),
           color = guide_legend(order = 3)) + 
    labs(x = "Intra-EU trade (% of total trade)",
         y = "Gini (%)",
         alpha = "Year",
         size = "GDP per capita \n(current USD)",
         color = "GDP per capita") 

Answer 1

You can't have a color bar as the guide for an alpha scale. However, you can set a color gradient in which one of the two colours is fully transparent, which amounts to the same thing.

If you are already using the color scale (as in your example), it would be best to have an alpha color bar for each of your two dummy variables. For this you need the ggnewscale package

Obviously, I don't have your data, so here's a working example with the built-in mtcars data set.

library(ggplot2)

ggplot(mtcars[1:16, ], aes(wt, disp)) +
  geom_point(aes(color = mpg), size = 3) +
  scale_color_gradient(low = alpha("navy", 0), high = "navy",
                       name = "Below average") +
  ggnewscale::new_scale_color() +
  geom_point(aes(color = mpg), data = mtcars[17:32,], size = 3) +
  scale_color_gradient(low = alpha("red3", 0), high = "red3",
                       name = "Above average") +
  theme_light(base_size = 16)