我收到一个类型错误。 我如何解决它？

Question

I commonly get uncaught exceptions (errors) from my Python code that are described as TypeError s. After considerable experimentation and research, I was able to collect the following examples (and minor variations):

TypeError: func() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given
TypeError: func() takes from 1 to 2 positional arguments but 3 were given
TypeError: func() got an unexpected keyword argument 'arg'
TypeError: func() missing 1 required positional argument: 'arg'
TypeError: func() missing 1 required keyword-only argument: 'arg'
TypeError: func() got multiple values for argument 'arg'
TypeError: MyClass() takes no arguments
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str
TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'str'
TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type 'float'
TypeError: string indices must be integers
TypeError: %d format: a number is required, not str
TypeError: not all arguments converted during string formatting
TypeError: int() argument must be a string, a bytes-like object or a number, not 'list'
TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'
TypeError: bad operand type for abs(): 'str'
TypeError: descriptor 'to_bytes' for 'int' objects doesn't apply to a 'str' object
TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
TypeError: cannot unpack non-iterable int object
TypeError: 'int' object is not callable
TypeError: 'int' object is not subscriptable

I have also seen custom messages when trying to use a function, method or class from a library.

What is a TypeError ? What do messages like this mean? How can I understand and fix the problem?

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Answer 1

What is a TypeError ?

It means exactly what it sounds like: there is an Error that is caused by the Type of one or more of the values in the code. It's obvious what an error is, so let's explain the concept of "type" in more detail.

In a Python program, every object has a type . By "object" (equivalently in Python, "value") we mean something that can be given a name in the source code. Most names are simple variables: if we write x = 1 , then 1 is an object, it has a name x , and its type is int - the type itself has a name.

"Type" means more or less what it sounds like: it tells you what kind of thing something else is. 1 , 2 and 3 are all integers; they have the same type, int . You can think of it as representing the concept of an integer.

Not every type has a built-in name. For example, functions are objects (most other languages don't work this way,), and they have a type. but we can't directly refer to that type by name in our code.

Every type does have a representation as an object, however, whether it's named or not. You can use the built-in type to get such a "type object":

>>> type(1) # the result from this...
<class 'int'>
>>> int # is the same:
<class 'int'>
>>> type(int) # We can look a bit deeper:
<class 'type'>
>>> def func():
...     pass
>>> type(func) # and get types that aren't named:
<class 'function'>
>>> type(type) # and there's this special case:
<class 'type'>

Notably, the type of type is type itself .

You may notice that Python (3.x) displays these type objects with the word class . This is a useful reminder: when you create a class , you are defining a new type of data . That is the purpose of classes.

What do messages like this mean?

We can break the examples down into a few categories:

TypeError: func() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given
TypeError: func() takes from 1 to 2 positional arguments but 3 were given
TypeError: func() got an unexpected keyword argument 'arg'
TypeError: func() missing 1 required positional argument: 'arg'
TypeError: func() missing 1 required keyword-only argument: 'arg'
TypeError: func() got multiple values for argument 'arg'
TypeError: MyClass() takes no arguments

These exceptions are telling you that the arguments (the things you put between the () ) for calling func (or creating an instance of MyClass ) are wrong. Either there are too many, not enough, or they are not properly labelled.

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str
TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'str'
TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type 'float'

These exceptions are telling you that the left-hand side and right-hand side of an operator (a symbol like + or > or ^ , used to compute a result ) don't make sense . For example, trying to divide or subtract strings, or repeat a string a non-integer number of times . As a special case, you can use + between two strings (or lists, or tuples), but it doesn't "add" them in a mathematical sense. If you try to use + between an integer and a string, the error message will be different depending on the order.

TypeError: %d format: a number is required, not str
TypeError: not all arguments converted during string formatting

These ones are a bit tricky. The % operator is used to get the modulus (remainder when dividing numbers), but it can also be used to format strings by replacing some placeholders. (This is an outdated system that's hard to get right and has weird special cases ; in new code, please use f-strings or the .format method.)

An error occurs because the placeholders in the string on the left-hand side don't match up with what's on the right-hand side. In the second case, it's likely that you actually wanted to calculate a modulus, so the left-hand side should be a number (most likely an integer) instead. It's debatable whether these should be ValueError s instead, since it could be that the contents of the string are wrong. However, Python cannot read your mind.

TypeError: int() argument must be a string, a bytes-like object or a number, not 'list'
TypeError: bad operand type for abs(): 'str'

These mean that something wrong was passed to a built-in function (or another callable, such as a type). Functions that you get from a library may raise their own TypeError s with custom messages. The message should be pretty straightforward.

TypeError: descriptor 'to_bytes' for 'int' objects doesn't apply to a 'str' object

This one is very unusual, and most people who ask this question would never run into it ( except maybe with the datetime standard library module ). It happens because of trying to use a method as if it were a function, but giving it the wrong type of thing for self : for example, int.to_bytes('1') . The code is wrong because '1' is a string, and strings don't support .to_bytes . Python will not convert the string to integer; and it cannot give an AttributeError instead because to_bytes was looked up in the class , not on the string.

TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
TypeError: cannot unpack non-iterable int object
TypeError: 'int' object is not callable
TypeError: 'int' object is not subscriptable

These mean exactly what they sound like. "iterable" means "able to be iterated" ; ie, checked repeatedly to get separate values. This happens in for loops, comprehensions and when trying to convert to list etc. The "unpack" variation of the message results from trying to use unpacking syntax on the non-iterable.

"callable" means "able to be called" ; to "call" something is to write () after it (possibly with arguments between the () ). Code like 1('test') doesn't make sense because 1 isn't a function (or a type).

"subscriptable" means "able to be subscripted" ; here, "subscripting" means either using slice syntax ( x[1:2:3] ), or indexing or looking for a key ( x['test'] ). We can only do this with sequences (like list s or str ings) and mappings (like dict s).

How can I understand what went wrong, and fix the code?

First, look at the traceback to see where in the code the error occurs. If it's in a library, work backwards to the point where your code uses the library. Then read the error message carefully, and compare it to the code, to figure out what causes the complaint. Finally, think carefully: is the operation wrong, or the values ?

Some more specific advice for things that might not be obvious:

In general

Did you perhaps reassign the name of a built-in callable , such as str or input or list ? Did you try to reuse a name for two different things (for example, a function and some global data that it uses)? Names in Python can only refer to one thing at a time. If you use, say, list as a variable name, then it isn't also the name of "the abstract concept of a list" any more, so you can't use it to create more lists (which includes converting other things to lists). If you create a global variable months with a list of strings, and then write a function months , the function replaces the list, and the function's code can't look up the list.

Similarly, if you try to make a class that uses the same name for an method as for a data attribute of the instances , that will cause the same problem. (There's also a tricky special case with @staticmethod ).

Sometimes people expect to be able to use a list like a Numpy array, and "broadcast" an operation or a function call to each element of the list. That doesn't work. Use a list comprehension instead .

Consider whether you need to handle None as a special case . But try to avoid getting into that situation in the first place; "special cases aren't special enough to break the rules", as they say.

If the error mentions a 'str' type and you thought it should be a number

Did you get it from the input function? That gives you a str , even if it looks like a number. Please see How can I read inputs as numbers? .

If the error mentions a 'function' type or 'type' type

Did you forget to call the function, or create an instance of a class?

If the error is from function arguments

The error message will tell you the name of the function; so look at the part of the line that calls that function, and check the arguments. Is there a correct number of positional arguments? Is there a keyword argument that must be provided, and is missing? Is there a keyword argument that shouldn't be provided? Is there a positional argument that is also provided by keyword?

If you are writing a method for a class, remember to allow for self . It is necessary for instance methods. If you are calling a method, keep in mind that self will be counted as an argument (both for the amount "required" and the amount "given").

If you are using a callback that takes arguments from an indirect source, check the source .

If you are trying to create an instance of your own class, and get an TypeError from __init__ , make sure that you actually wrote an __init__ .

If you don't know what the arguments should be, check the documentation . If the arguments make sense, maybe the function is wrong - make sure you didn't confuse it for another one in the same library.

If the error is from operands of an operator

Make sure the operator is correct for what you want the code to do (for example: ^ is not exponentiation; you want ** ), and then check the operand types. In most cases, it will be appropriate to convert the type - but think carefully. Make sure the operation will make sense with the new types. For example, if the code is l + 'second' , and l is a list that currently contains ['first'] , chances are good we don't want to concatenate strings, but instead create a modified list that also has 'second' as an element. So actually we wanted to "add" another list : l + ['second'] .

If the error is from string formatting

Seriously, did you intend to do string formatting? If you do want to format a string, consider using f-strings or the .format method - these are easier to debug, and have fewer special cases. But more likely, the left-hand side is some string like '1' that should have been converted to int (or maybe float ) first.

A bad operand type for a unary operator

This can be caused by a stray comma . 'a', + 'b' is not the same as 'a' + 'b' ; it is trying to use + as a unary operator on the 'b' string, and then make a tuple. (You know how you can write eg -1 to get a negative number? The - there is a unary operator . It turns out you can similarly write +1 ; it means the same as 1 , of course.)

If something "is not iterable"

If you want a for loop to run a specific number of times, you still need something to iterate over; a range is the usual choice. The same is true if you are using a list comprehension etc. to make multiple copies of a value . If you have an integer x and you want to make a list with one item, which is that integer , that is spelled [x] , not list(x) .

If something "is not callable"

If a 'module' object is not callable , it's most likely because you want a function or class from the module, that has the same name as the module, rather than the module itself . The linked example is for the socket standard library; other common cases include datetime and random .

Also make sure that you didn't already call a function and remember the result, instead of remembering the function itself . This is a common problem with APIs that expect a "callback" function. (If you need to choose the arguments ahead of time, but not actually call the function, see Python Argument Binders .) Sometimes people also try to provide the name of a function as a string , rather than providing the function itself.

If something "is not subscriptable"

One common cause is trying to get "digits" from a number. int and float values aren't strings; they don't have digits in them . The numeric value is the same no matter what base you write them in, and there are other ways to write a number besides base ten; so it is your responsibility to create the appropriate string first.

Answer 2

How can I understand and fix the problem?

First, look at the traceback to see where in the code the error occurs. If it's in a library, work backwards to the point where your code uses the library. Then read the error message carefully, and compare it to the code, to figure out what causes the complaint. Finally, think carefully: is the operation wrong, or the values ?

Examples

(TODO)

Some non-obvious things

Reusing names

Did you perhaps reassign the name of a built-in callable , such as str or input or list ? Did you try to reuse a name for two different things (for example, a function and some global data that it uses)?

Names in Python can only refer to one thing at a time. If you use, say, list as a variable name, then it isn't also the name of "the abstract concept of a list" any more, so you can't use it to create more lists (which includes converting other things to lists). If you create a global variable months with a list of strings, and then write a function months , the function replaces the list, and the function's code can't look up the list. This can easily happen accidentally when using from some_module import * syntax .

Similarly, if you try to make a class that uses the same name for an method as for a data attribute of the instances , that will cause the same problem. (There's also a tricky special case with @staticmethod ).

Processing lists

Sometimes people expect to be able to use a list like a Numpy array, and "broadcast" an operation or a function call to each element of the list. That doesn't work. Use a list comprehension instead .

Handling None

Consider whether you need to handle None as a special case . But try to avoid getting into that situation in the first place; "special cases aren't special enough to break the rules", as they say.

Trying to use a library (including a standard library)

If something doesn't work like you'd expect (for example, trying to subtract datetime.time s or serialize an instance of a user-defined class as JSON ) - rather than trying to treat the problem as a debugging question, search for solutions for what you want that part of the code to do .

If the error mentions a 'str' type and you thought it should be a number

Did you get it from the input function? That gives you a str , even if it looks like a number. Please see How can I read inputs as numbers? .

If the error mentions a 'function' type or 'type' type

Did you forget to call the function, or create an instance of a class?

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Error messages about wrong arguments

The error message will tell you the name of the function; so look at the part of the line that calls that function, and check the arguments. Is there a correct number of positional arguments? Is there a keyword argument that must be provided, and is missing? Is there a keyword argument that shouldn't be provided? Is there a positional argument that is also provided by keyword?

If you are writing a method for a class, remember to allow for self . It is necessary for instance methods. If you are calling a method, keep in mind that self will be counted as an argument (both for the amount "required" and the amount "given").

If you are using a callback that takes arguments from an indirect source, check the source .

If you are trying to create an instance of your own class, and get an TypeError from __init__ , make sure that you actually wrote an __init__ .

If you don't know what the arguments should be, check the documentation . If the arguments make sense, maybe the function is wrong - make sure you didn't confuse it for another one in the same library.

Error messages about operand types

Make sure the operator is correct for what you want the code to do (for example: ^ is not exponentiation; you want ** ), and then check the operand types.

In most cases, it will be appropriate to convert the type - but think carefully. Make sure the operation will make sense with the new types. For example, if the code is l + 'second' , and l is a list that currently contains ['first'] , chances are good we don't want to concatenate strings, but instead create a modified list that also has 'second' as an element. So actually we wanted to "add" another list : l + ['second'] .

If string indices must be integers , it could be that the string being indexed is JSON or something of that sort, which should have been parsed already to create a dictionary (possibly with nested lists and dictionaries).

Error messages about string formatting

Seriously, did you intend to do string formatting? If you do want to format a string, consider using f-strings or the .format method - these are easier to debug, and have fewer special cases. But more likely, the left-hand side is some string like '1' that should have been converted to int (or maybe float ) first.

Error messages about a "descriptor"

Python's error message here is fairly cryptic - it's using terminology that most programmers rarely if ever have to worry about. But once recognized, the error is very easy to pattern-match. Take special care if the class can be instantiated with no arguments - an empty pair of parentheses () is still necessary to instantiate the class; otherwise, the code refers to the class itself . An instance is required in order to use methods.

Custom error messages from built-in functions

A "bad operand" for a "unary" operator (for example bad operand type for unary +: 'str' ) can be caused by a stray comma . 'a', + 'b' is not the same as 'a' + 'b' ; it is trying to use + as a unary operator on the 'b' string, and then make a tuple. (You know how you can write eg -1 to get a negative number? The - there is a unary operator . It turns out you can similarly write +1 ; it means the same as 1 , of course.)

Especially if you have had to migrate code from 2.x to 3.x, be very careful about the distinction between bytes and str types in 3.x. bytes represents raw data ; str represents text . These are fundamentally different and unrelated things, and it is only possible to convert from one to the other by using an encoding . In Python 3.x, files that are opened in a binary mode (using 'b' in the mode string) produce bytes when read, and must be given something compatible with bytes when written to. str does not qualify; you must specify an encoding explicitly. The canonical for this problem is TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str' when writing to a file in Python 3 .

Error messages where something "is not" usable in some way

Not iterable

When something is not iterable , the problem is very likely with the thing, rather than the iteration. If you want a for loop to run a specific number of times, you still need something to iterate over; a range is the usual choice. The same is true if you are using a list comprehension etc. to make multiple copies of a value . If you have an integer x and you want to make a list with one item, which is that integer , that is spelled [x] , not list(x) .

Not callable

If a 'module' object is not callable , it's most likely because you want a function or class from the module, that has the same name as the module, rather than the module itself . The linked example is for the socket standard library; other common cases include datetime and random .

Also make sure that the code doesn't call a function and remember the result, instead of remembering the function itself . This is a common problem with APIs that expect a "callback" function. (If you need to choose the arguments ahead of time, but not actually call the function, see Python Argument Binders .) Sometimes people also try to provide the name of a function as a string , rather than providing the function itself.

Not subscriptable

Sometimes, people try to get "digits" from a number by indexing into it as if it were a string. int and float values aren't strings; they don't have digits in them . So this will cause a "is not subscriptable" TypeError . The numeric value is the same no matter what base you write them in, and there are other ways to write a number besides base ten; so it is your responsibility to create the appropriate string first.

If you are trying to work with nested lists, be careful about indexing into them. A list like example = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]] should be indexed like example[i][j] , not eg example[i[j]] . The logic here should be pretty simple: the correct code means to index into example (getting a list of integers), and then index into that result. The incorrect code means to use j as an index into i first, because of how the brackets are nested.