Haskell类型类

Question

I have a Haskell typeclass question. I can't munge the syntax to get this (seemingly reasonable) program to compile under GHC.

import Control.Concurrent.MVar

blah1 :: [a] -> IO ([a])
blah1 = return

blah2 :: [a] -> IO (MVar [a])
blah2 = newMVar

class Blah b where
  blah :: [a] -> IO (b a)

instance Blah [] where
  blah = blah1

-- BOOM
instance Blah (MVar []) where
  blah = blah2

main :: IO ()
main = do
  putStrLn "Ok"

I get the following error message, which kind of makes sense, but I don't know how to fix it:

`[]' is not applied to enough type arguments
Expected kind `*', but `[]' has kind `* -> *'
In the type `MVar []'
In the instance declaration for `Blah (MVar [])'

Answer 1

What you want isn't directly expressible. This is probably as close as you'll get:

newtype MVarList a = MVarList (MVar [a])
instance Blah MVarList where
    blah = fmap MVarList . newMVar

Answer 2

I was reading about Conal Elliott's TypeCompose library, and was reminded of this question. Here's an example of how you can do type-level composition.

{-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators #-}
{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeSynonymInstances #-}
module Main where

...

import Control.Compose

...

instance Blah (MVar `O` []) where
  blah = liftM O . blah2

...