在c ++中使用对象时对性能的影响

Question

I have a dynamic programming algorithm for Knapsack in C++. When it was implemented as a function and accessing variables passed into it, it was taking 22 seconds to run on a particular instance. When I made it the member function of my class KnapsackInstance and had it use variables that were data members of that class, it started taking 37 seconds to run. As far as I know, only accessing member functions goes through the vtable so I'm at a loss to explain what might be happening.

Here's the code of the function

int KnapsackInstance::dpSolve() {
 int i; // Current item number
 int d; // Current weight
 int * tbl; // Array of size weightLeft
 int toret;
 tbl = new int[weightLeft+1];
 if (!tbl) return -1;
 memset(tbl, 0, (weightLeft+1)*sizeof(int));
 for (i = 1; i <= numItems; ++i) {
  for (d = weightLeft; d >= 0; --d) {
   if (profitsWeights.at(i-1).second <= d) {
    /* Either add this item or don't */
    int v1 = profitsWeights.at(i-1).first + tbl[d-profitsWeights.at(i-1).second];
    int v2 = tbl[d];
    tbl[d] = (v1 < v2 ? v2 : v1);
   }
  }
 }
 toret = tbl[weightLeft];
 delete[] tbl;
 return toret;
}

tbl is one column of the DP table. We start from the first column and go on until the last column. The profitsWeights variable is a vector of pairs, the first element of which is the profit and the second the weight. toret is the value to return.

Here is the code of the original function :-

int dpSolve(vector<pair<int, int> > profitsWeights, int weightLeft, int numItems) {
 int i; // Current item number
 int d; // Current weight
 int * tbl; // Array of size weightLeft
 int toret;
 tbl = new int[weightLeft+1];
 if (!tbl) return -1;
 memset(tbl, 0, (weightLeft+1)*sizeof(int));
 for (i = 1; i <= numItems; ++i) {
  for (d = weightLeft; d >= 0; --d) {
   if (profitsWeights.at(i-1).second <= d) {
    /* Either add this item or don't */
    int v1 = profitsWeights.at(i-1).first + tbl[d-profitsWeights.at(i-1).second];
    int v2 = tbl[d];
    tbl[d] = (v1 < v2 ? v2 : v1);
   }
  }
 }
 toret = tbl[weightLeft];
 delete[] tbl;
 return toret;
}

This was run on Debian Lenny with g++-4.3.2 and -O3 -DNDEBUG turned on

Thanks

Answer 1

In a typical implementation, a member function receives a pointer to the instance data as a hidden parameter ( this ). As such, access to member data is normally via a pointer, which may account for the slow-down you're seeing.

On the other hand, it's hard to do more than guess with only one version of the code to look at.

After looking at both pieces of code, I think I'd write the member function more like this:

int KnapsackInstance::dpSolve() {
    std::vector<int> tbl(weightLeft+1, 0);
    std::vector<pair<int, int> > weights(profitWeights);
    int v1;

    for (int i = 0; i <numItems; ++i) 
        for (int d = weightLeft; d >= 0; --d)
            if ((weights[i+1].second <= d) && 
                ((v1 = weights[i].first + tbl[d-weights[i-1].second])>tbl[d]))
                    tbl[d] = v1;
    return tbl[weightLeft];
}