在java中实例化泛型类型

Question

I would like to create an object of Generics Type in java. Please suggest how can I achieve the same.

Note: This may seem a trivial Generics Problem. But I bet.. it isn't. :)

suppose I have the class declaration as:

public class Abc<T> {
    public T getInstanceOfT() {
       // I want to create an instance of T and return the same.
    }
}

Answer 1

public class Abc<T> {
    public T getInstanceOfT(Class<T> aClass) {
       return aClass.newInstance();
    }
}

You'll have to add exception handling.

You have to pass the actual type at runtime, since it is not part of the byte code after compilation, so there is no way to know it without explicitly providing it.

Answer 2

In the code you posted, it's impossible to create an instance of T since you don't know what type that is:

public class Abc<T>
{
       public T getInstanceOfT()
       {
           // There is no way to create an instance of T here
           // since we don't know its type
       }
} 

Of course it is possible if you have a reference to Class<T> and T has a default constructor, just call newInstance() on the Class object.

If you subclass Abc<T> you can even work around the type erasure problem and won't have to pass any Class<T> references around:

import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;

public class Abc<T>
{
    T getInstanceOfT()
    {
        ParameterizedType superClass = (ParameterizedType) getClass().getGenericSuperclass();
        Class<T> type = (Class<T>) superClass.getActualTypeArguments()[0];
        try
        {
            return type.newInstance();
        }
        catch (Exception e)
        {
            // Oops, no default constructor
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        String instance = new SubClass().getInstanceOfT();
        System.out.println(instance.getClass());
    }
}

class SubClass
    extends Abc<String>
{
}

Answer 3

What you wrote doesn't make any sense, generics in Java are meant to add the functionality of parametric polymorphism to objects.

What does it mean? It means that you want to keep some type variables of your classes undecided, to be able to use your classes with many different types.

But your type variable T is an attribute that is resolved at run-time, the Java compiler will compile your class proving type safety without trying to know what kind of object is T so it's impossible for it to let your use a type variable in a static method. The type is associated to a run-time instance of the object while public void static main(..) is associated to the class definition and at that scope T doesn't mean anything.

If you want to use a type variable inside a static method you have to declare the method as generic (this because, as explained type variables of a template class are related to its run-time instance ), not the class:

class SandBox
{
  public static <T> void myMethod()
  {
     T foobar;
  }
}

this works, but of course not with main method since there's no way to call it in a generic way.

EDIT : The problem is that because of type erasure just one generic class is compiled and passed to JVM. Type checker just checks if code is safe, then since it proved it every kind of generic information is discarded.

To instantiate T you need to know the type of T , but it can be many types at the same time, so one solution with requires just the minimum amount of reflection is to use Class<T> to instantiate new objects:

public class SandBox<T>
{
    Class<T> reference;

    SandBox(Class<T> classRef)
    {
        reference = classRef;
    }

    public T getNewInstance()
    {
        try
        {
            return reference.newInstance();
        }
        catch (Exception e)
        {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        return null;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        SandBox<String> t = new SandBox<String>(String.class);

        System.out.println(t.getNewInstance().getClass().getName());
    }
}

Of course this implies that the type you want to instantiate:

• is not a primitive type
• it has a default constructor

To operate with different kind of constructors you have to dig deeper into reflection.

Answer 4

You need to get the type information statically. Try this:

public class Abc<T> {
    private Class<T> clazz;

    public Abc(Class<T> clazz) {
        this.clazz = clazz;
    }

    public T getInstanceOfT()
            throws throws InstantiationException,
                 IllegalAccessException,
                 IllegalArgumentException,
                 InvocationTargetException,
                 NoSuchMethodException,
                 SecurityException {
        return clazz.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance();
    }
}

Use it as such:

        Abc<String> abc = new Abc<String>(String.class);
        abc.getInstanceOfT();

Depending on your needs, you may want to use Class<? extends T> Class<? extends T> instead.

Answer 5

The only way to get it to work is to useReified Generics . And this is not supported in Java (yet? it was planned for Java 7, but has been postponed). In C# for example it is supported assuming that T has a default constructor. You can even get the runtime type by typeof(T) and get the constructors by Type.GetConstructor() . I don't do C# so the syntax may be invalid, but it roughly look like this:

public class Foo<T> where T:new() {
    public void foo() {
        T t = new T();
    }
}

The best "workaround" for this in Java is to pass a Class<T> as method argument instead as several answers already pointed out.

Answer 6

First of all, you can't access the type parameter T in the static main method, only on non-static class members (in this case).

Second, you can't instantiate T because Java implements generics with Type Erasure . Almost all the generic information is erased at compile time.

Basically, you can't do this:

T member = new T();

Here's a nice tutorial on generics .

Answer 7

You don't seem to understand how Generics work. You may want to look at http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/guide/language/generics.html Basically what you could do is something like

public class Abc<T>
{
  T someGenericThing;
  public Abc(){}
  public T getSomeGenericThing()
  {
     return someGenericThing;
  }

  public static void main(String[] args)
  {
     // create an instance of "Abc of String"
        Abc<String> stringAbc = new Abc<String>();
        String test = stringAbc.getSomeGenericThing();
  }

} 

Answer 8

I was implementing the same using the following approach.

public class Abc<T>
{
   T myvar;

    public T getInstance(Class<T> clazz) throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException
    {
        return clazz.newInstance();
    }
}

I was trying to find a better way to achieve the same.

Isn't it possible?

Answer 9

Type Erasure Workaround

Inspired by @martin's answer , I wrote a helper class that allows me to workaround the type erasure problem. Using this class (and a little ugly trick) I'm able to create a new instance out of a template type:

public abstract class C_TestClass<T > {
    T createTemplateInstance() {
        return C_GenericsHelper.createTemplateInstance( this, 0 );
    }

    public static void main( String[] args ) {
        ArrayList<String > list = 
            new C_TestClass<ArrayList<String > >(){}.createTemplateInstance();
    }
}

The ugly trick here is to make the class abstract so the user of the class is forced to subtype it. Here I'm subclassing it by appending {} after the call to the constructor. This defines a new anonymous class and creates an instance of it.

Once the generic class is subtyped with concrete template types, I'm able to retrieve the template types.

---

public class C_GenericsHelper {
    /**
     * @param object instance of a class that is a subclass of a generic class
     * @param index index of the generic type that should be instantiated
     * @return new instance of T (created by calling the default constructor)
     * @throws RuntimeException if T has no accessible default constructor
     */
    @SuppressWarnings( "unchecked" )
    public static <T> T createTemplateInstance( Object object, int index ) {
        ParameterizedType superClass = 
            (ParameterizedType )object.getClass().getGenericSuperclass();
        Type type = superClass.getActualTypeArguments()[ index ];
        Class<T > instanceType;
        if( type instanceof ParameterizedType ) {
            instanceType = (Class<T > )( (ParameterizedType )type ).getRawType();
        }
        else {
            instanceType = (Class<T > )type;
        }
        try {
            return instanceType.newInstance();
        }
        catch( Exception e ) {
            throw new RuntimeException( e );
        }
    }
}

Answer 10

There are hacky ways around this when you really have to do it.

Here's an example of a transform method that I find very useful; and provides one way to determine the concrete class of a generic.

This method accepts a collection of objects as input, and returns an array where each element is the result of calling a field getter on each object in the input collection. For example, say you have a List<People> and you want a String[] containing everyone's last name.

The type of the field value returned by the getter is specified by the generic E , and I need to instantiate an array of type E[] to store the return value.

The method itself is a bit ugly, but the code you write that uses it can be so much cleaner.

Note that this technique only works when somewhere in the input arguments there is an object whose type matches the return type, and you can deterministically figure it out. If the concrete classes of your input parameters (or their sub-objects) can tell you nothing about the generics, then this technique won't work.

public <E> E[] array (Collection c) {
    if (c == null) return null;
    if (c.isEmpty()) return (E[]) EMPTY_OBJECT_ARRAY;
    final List<E> collect = (List<E>) CollectionUtils.collect(c, this);
    final Class<E> elementType = (Class<E>) ReflectionUtil.getterType(c.iterator().next(), field);
    return collect.toArray((E[]) Array.newInstance(elementType, collect.size()));
}

Full code is here: https://github.com/cobbzilla/cobbzilla-utils/blob/master/src/main/java/org/cobbzilla/util/collection/FieldTransformer.java#L28

Answer 11

It looks like you are trying to create the class that serves as the entry point to your application as a generic, and that won't work... The JVM won't know what type it is supposed to be using when it's instantiated as you start the application.

However, if this were the more general case, then something like would be what you're looking for:

public MyGeneric<MyChoiceOfType> getMeAGenericObject(){
   return new MyGeneric<MyChoiceOfType>();
}

or perhaps:

MyGeneric<String> objMyObject = new MyGeneric<String>();

Answer 12

Abc<String> abcInstance = new Abc<String> ();

..例如