Python中解包参数列表/ dict案例中的关键字参数

Question

For python, I could use unpacking arguments as follows.

def hello(x, *y, **z):
    print 'x', x
    print 'y', y
    print 'z', z

hello(1, *[1,2,3], a=1,b=2,c=3)
hello(1, *(1,2,3), **{'a':1,'b':2,'c':3})

x =  1
y =  (1, 2, 3)
z =  {'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2}

But, I got an error if I use keyword argument as follows.

hello(x=1, *(1,2,3), **{'a':1,'b':2,'c':3})

TypeError: hello() got multiple values for keyword argument 'x'

Why is this?

Answer 1

Regardless of the order in which they are specified, positional arguments get assigned prior to keyword arguments. In your case, the positional arguments are (1, 2, 3) and the keyword arguments are x=1, a=1, b=2, c=3 . Because positional arguments get assigned first, the parameter x receives 1 and is not eligible for keyword arguments any more. This sounds a bit weird because syntactically your positional arguments are specified after the keyword argument, but nonetheless the order “positional arguments → keyword arguments” is always adhered to.

Here is a simpler example:

>>> def f(x): pass
... 
>>> f(1, x=2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: f() got multiple values for keyword argument 'x'
>>> f(x=2, *(1,))
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: f() got multiple values for keyword argument 'x'