为什么Java中的许多Collection类都会扩展抽象类并实现接口？

Question

Why do many Collection classes in Java extend the Abstract class and also implement the interface (which is also implemented by the given abstract class)?

For example, class HashSet extends AbstractSet and also implements Set , but AbstractSet already implements Set .

Answer 1

It's a way to remember that this class really implements that interface.
It won't have any bad effect and it can help to understand the code without going through the complete hierarchy of the given class.

Answer 2

From the perspective of the type system the classes wouldn't be any different if they didn't implement the interface again, since the abstract base classes already implement them.

That much is true.

The reason they do implement it anyways is (probably) mostly documentation: a HashSet is-a Set . And that is made explicit by adding implements Set to the end, although it's not strictly necessary.

Note that the difference is actually observable using reflection, but I'd be hard-pressed to produce some code that would break if HashSet didn't implement Set directly.

Answer 3

This may not matter much in practice, but I wanted to clarify that explicitly implementing an interface is not exactly the same as implementing it by inheritance. The difference is present in compiled class files and visible via reflection. Eg,

for (Class<?> c : ArrayList.class.getInterfaces())
    System.out.println(c);

The output shows only the interfaces explicitly implemented by ArrayList , in the order they were written in the source, which [on my Java version] is:

interface java.util.List
interface java.util.RandomAccess
interface java.lang.Cloneable
interface java.io.Serializable

The output does not include interfaces implemented by superclasses, or interfaces that are superinterfaces of those which are included. In particular, Iterable and Collection are missing from the above, even though ArrayList implements them implicitly. To find them you have to recursively iterate the class hierarchy.

It would be unfortunate if some code out there uses reflection and depends on interfaces being explicitly implemented, but it is possible, so the maintainers of the collections library may be reluctant to change it now, even if they wanted to. (There is an observation termed Hyrum's Law : "With a sufficient number of users of an API, it does not matter what you promise in the contract; all observable behaviors of your system will be depended on by somebody".)

Fortunately this difference does not affect the type system. The expressions new ArrayList<>() instanceof Iterable and Iterable.class.isAssignableFrom(ArrayList.class) still evaluate to true .

Answer 4

Unlike Colin Hebert , I don't buy that people who were writing that cared about readability. (Everyone who thinks standard Java libraries were written by impeccable gods, should take look it their sources. First time I did this I was horrified by code formatting and numerous copy-pasted blocks.)

My bet is it was late, they were tired and didn't care either way.

Answer 5

From the "Effective Java" by Joshua Bloch:

You can combine the advantages of interfaces and abstract classes by adding an abstract skeletal implementation class to go with an interface.

The interface defines the type, perhaps providing some default methods, while the skeletal class implements the remaining non-primitive interface methods atop the primitive interface methods. Extending a skeletal implementation takes most of the work out of implementing an interface. This is the Template Method pattern.

By convention, skeletal implementation classes are called AbstractInterface where Interface is the name of the interface they implement. For example:

AbstractCollection
AbstractSet
AbstractList
AbstractMap

Answer 6

I also believe it is for clarity. The Java Collections framework has quite a hierarchy of interfaces that defines the different types of collection. It starts with the Collection interface then extended by three main subinterfaces Set, List and Queue. There is also SortedSet extending Set and BlockingQueue extending Queue.

Now, concrete classes implementing them is more understandable if they explicitly state which interface in the heirarchy it is implementing even though it may look redundant at times. As you mentioned, a class like HashSet implements Set but a class like TreeSet though it also extends AbstractSet implements SortedSet instead which is more specific than just Set. HashSet may look redundant but TreeSet is not because it requires to implement SortedSet. Still, both classes are concrete implementations and would be more understandable if both follow certain convention in their declaration.

There are even classes that implement more than one collection type like LinkedList which implements both List and Queue. However, there is one class at least that is a bit 'unconventional', the PriorityQueue. It extends AbstractQueue but doesn't explicitly implement Queue. Don't ask me why. :)

(reference is from Java 5 API)

Answer 7

In my view,when a class implements an interface it has to implement all methods present in it(as by default they are public and abstract methods in an interface).

If we don't want to implement all methods of interface,it must be an abstract class.

So here if some methods are already implemented in some abstract class implementing particular interface and we have to extend functionality for other methods that have been unimplemented,we will need to implement original interface in our class again to get those remaining set of methods.It help in maintaining the contractual rules laid down by an interface.

It will result in rework if were to implement only interface and again overriding all methods with method definitions in our class.

Answer 8

Too late for answer?

I am taking a guess to validate my answer. Assume following code

HashMap extends AbstractMap (does not implement Map)

AbstractMap implements Map

Now Imagine some random guy came, Changed implements Map to some java.util.Map1 with exactly same set of methods as Map

In this situation there won't be any compilation error and jdk gets compiled (off course test will fail and catch this).

Now any client using HashMap as Map m= new HashMap() will start failing. This is much downstream.

Since both AbstractMap, Map etc comes from same product, hence this argument appears childish (which in all probability is. or may be not.), but think of a project where base class comes from a different jar/third party library etc. Then third party/different team can change their base implementation.

By implementing the "interface" in the Child class, as well, developer's try to make the class self sufficient, API breakage proof.

Answer 9

I suppose there might be a different way to handle members of the set, the interface, even when supplying the default operation implementation does not serve as a one-size-fits-all. A circular Queue vs. LIFO Queue might both implement the same interface, but their specific operations will be implemented differently, right?

Answer 10

如果您只有一个抽象类，那么您将无法创建自己的类，而该类也将从另一个类继承。