需要帮助以了解PDO的结果集

Question

I have the following function executing PDO queries:

  // removed error handling for presenting here
  function getRows($sql) {
      $stmt = $this->db->query($sql);
      $result = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);          
      return $result;            
    } 
  }

The result is:

Array
(
    [0] => Array
        (
            [id] => 1
            [category] => Audi
        )

    [1] => Array
        (
            [id] => 2
            [category] => BMW
        )

    [2] => Array
        (
            [id] => 3
            [category] => Chrysler
        )

)

The the following foreach code:

foreach($result as $key => $value ) {
  echo $value.'<br/>';
}

outputs this:

Array
Array
Array

What can I do so it returns the following?

Audi
BMW
Chrysler

I understand that I could just do $value['category] .

But that's not what I want to achieve / understand. I would like the resultset not to be an array of arrays.

Answer 1

try

foreach($result as $key => $value ) {
  echo $value['category'].'<br/>';
}

Alternative

foreach($result as $k)
{
    echo $k['category'];
}

Answer 2

The foreach loop splits up your array into key, value pairs. The key in your loop is the index of the array, the value is an array containing ID and Category.

To access the category simply do:

foreach($result as $key => $value ) {
  echo $value['category'].'<br/>';
}