Python：在异常实例中覆盖__str__

Question

I'm trying to override the printed output from an Exception subclass in Python after the exception has been raised and I'm having no luck getting my override to actually be called.

def str_override(self):
    """
    Override the output with a fixed string
    """

    return "Override!"

def reraise(exception):
    """
    Re-raise an exception and override its output
    """

    exception.__str__ = types.MethodType(str_override, exception, type(exception))

    # Re-raise and remove ourselves from the stack trace.
    raise exception, None, sys.exc_info()[-1]

def test():
    """
    Should output "Override!" Actually outputs "Bah Humbug"
    """
    try:
        try:
            raise Exception("Bah Humbug")
        except Exception, e:
            reraise(e, "Said Scrooge")
    except Exception, e:
        print e

Any idea why this doesn't actually override the str method? Introspecting the instance variables shows that the method is actually overridden with the method but it's like Python just refuses to call it through print.

What am I missing here?

Answer 1

The problem is not that __str__() doesn't get overriden (just like you've already said, it does), but rather that str(e) (which invisibly gets called by print) is not always equivalent to e.__str__() . More specifically, if I get it right, str() (and other special methods, such as repr() ), won't look for str in the instance dictionary - it would only look for it in the class dictionary. At least that is the case for the so-called new-style classes (which are the only classes in Python 3.x IIRC). You can read more about it here:

http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-bugs-list/2005-December/031438.html

If you want to change the exception error message for a reraised exception, you can do something like this instead:

def reraise(exception):
    """
    Re-raise an exception and override its output
    """

    exType = type(exception)
    newExType = type(exType.__name__ + "_Override", (exType,), { '__str__': str_override})
    exception.__class__ = newExType

    # Re-raise and remove ourselves from the stack trace.
    raise exception, None, sys.exc_info()[-1]

This will dynamically derive a new exception class with the str override, and change exception to be an instance of that class. Now your code should work.

Answer 2

http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#special-method-lookup-for-new-style-classes states that "For new-style classes, implicit invocations of special methods are only guaranteed to work correctly if defined on an object's type, not in the object's instance dictionary". IOW, you can't just assign a method to some_instance. __ str __ some_instance. __ str __ . Also, Monkey Patching will not work on builtin types like exceptions. Which you wouldn't want anyway, not even for a non-builtin exception class, since that patch would change the behaviour of all instances of that class.

If you're feelin' kinda hackish you could instead do something like:

...
except DaUncoolException, e:
    e.args = ('cool override stuff!',) + e.args[1:]
    raise

I don't like this very much, though. Why would you want to do such a thing anyway?