类型与有界通配符不匹配？ 超级类型

Question

I'm having a problem getting this type conversion working correctly. My guess is the bounded generic wildcard <? super SomeType> doesn't work with interface implementations.

// sample class definitions
public interface IFace<T> { ... } 
public class MyClass<T1, T2> { ... }
public class UtilityClass<T> {
    public List<MyClass<T, ? super IFace<T>>> getList() { ... }
}
public class Actor extends SomeObj implements IFace<TypeA> { ... }

// use...
UtilityClass<TypeA> utility = new UtilityClass<TypeA>();
List<MyClass<TypeA, Actor>> list = utility.getList();

Type mismatch: cannot convert from List<MyClass<TypeA, ? super IFace<TypeA>> to List<MyClass<TypeA, Actor>>

Answer 1

Citing Joshua Bloch's Effective Java 2nd Edition:

Do not use wildcard types as return types . Rather than providing additional flexibility for your users, it would force them to use wildcard types in client code.

Properly used, wildcard types are nearly invisible to users of a class. They cause methods to accept the parameters they should accept and reject those they should reject. If the user of a class has to think about wildcard types, there is probably something wrong with the class's API .

Answer 2

When you start working with generics, a real must-read is this tutorial . If you read the 'Generics and Subtyping` section on page 4 you will know why you get that error. It has nothing to do with the fact you are using an interface

Answer 3

Intuitively, one might try to resolve the issue by making the method generic:

public <X super IFace<T>> List<MyClass<T, X> getList() { ... }

But this syntax isn't allowed, as it typically doesn't make sense to give a lower bound to type parameters using super . See this article for a good explanation of why: http://www.angelikalanger.com/GenericsFAQ/FAQSections/TypeParameters.html#FAQ107

Edit:

Looking at your code, I think you may be confusing super with extends in specifying bounds of a type parameter. It would be meaningful if getList() returned a List<MyClass<T, ? extends IFace<T>>> List<MyClass<T, ? extends IFace<T>>> instead, as this is specifying an upper bound on the second type parameter of MyClass (in other words that type must be something implementing IFace<T> ).

As natix's answer points out , using wildcards in generic return types is discouraged because it effectively hides part the generic type information for the returned object. Instead, make the method generic:

public <X extends IFace<T>> List<MyClass<T, X> getList() { ... }

Which allows the calling code to specify the type of X through type inferrence.