我的C程序中的内存分配问题

Question

If i'm writing a program in C that i suspect might take a lot of memory, can i use the malloc function. Does malloc know how much memory my program wants? I know it returns a value of the memory it found but how does it know if its enough?

Eg

int * buffer;
buffer = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int)*70);

if(buffer==NULL){
    fprintf(stderr, "malloc error!");
}

Answer 1

Does malloc know how much memory my program wants?

You specify the amount of memory as malloc parameter, so that it knows how much memory to allocate

In your example it will allocate sizeof(int)*70 bytes (on 32bit Windows 4*70=280 bytes, for example)

I know it returns a value of the memory it found but how does it know if its enough?

It looks at your parameter and checks if OS has enough memory for you, if memory is not enough it returns NULL.

Answer 2

是的，如果没有足够的内存，则malloc返回NULL 。

Answer 3

malloc takes a parameter that defines the amount of memory required - and in your example it is enough memory to hold an array of 70 integers.

If it is unable to do so, it returns null .

Answer 4

The parameter you give to malloc is the number of bytes you want for this particular piece of memory.

If you want a char array to store 4 chars, you have to do

char *tab;
tab = malloc(sizeof(*tab) * 4);

This will take the size of *tab which is a char, times 4, and allocate this space in memory.
You have to know yourself how much is enough for your program to work.

Answer 5

You always have to tell malloc how much memory you require. It never knows by itself.

Answer 6

No, malloc does not know how much memory your program wants, you're the one who should know that, and you're telling malloc how much memory you need for that particular buffer.

However, this buffer is not the total memory allocated to your program, only the memory allocated to this particular variable. If there isn't enough memory in your system, malloc will return null.

Bottom line, there's no way for you to tell the operating system that your program will need a lot of memory, you need to allocate the memory for each buffer you need and then check whether it returned NULL to see whether there's enough memory in the system.

Answer 7

As others have said, you have to tell malloc how much memory you want. Note that if you don't allocate enough memory initially, you can use realloc to request more memory.

Here's an example. Suppose you want to store a line of text (delimited by a newline) from an input stream, but you don't know how long the line is, so you don't know ahead of time how much memory to allocate. You can read the input stream piecemeal into a smaller fixed-size buffer, and append that to a dynamic buffer that you can resize as necessary:

#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

/**
 * Reads a line of text (delimited by a newline character) from an 
 * input stream into a dynamic buffer. 
 */
char *getNextLine(FILE *stream, size_t *lineSize)
{
  char inbuf[SIZE];  // fixed-size input buffer
  char *line = NULL; // points to our dynamic buffer
  char *newline = NULL;
  char *(*append)(char *, const char *) = strcpy;

  *lineSize = 0;

  /**
   * Read from the input stream until we see a newline character
   * or the read fails (EOF or error).
   */
  while (!newline && fgets(inbuf, sizeof inbuf, stream))
  {
    /**
     * Resize the buffer to accomodate the string in the input buffer
     * (allocates the buffer the first time through).
     */
    char *tmp = realloc(line, *lineSize + strlen(inbuf) + 1);
    if (tmp)
    {
      /**
       * Check for a newline in the input buffer
       */
      newline = strchr(inbuf, '\n');

      /**
       * If present, overwrite the newline with a 0 (nul terminator
       * character).  If you want to keep the newline in the target
       * buffer, skip this step.
       */
      if (newline)
        *newline = 0;

      /**
       * Assign the temporary variable back to line and update the 
       * output buffer size.
       */
      line = tmp;
      *lineSize += strlen(inbuf) + 1;

      /**
       * Write the contents of the input buffer to the target buffer.
       * First time through the loop we'll use strcpy (called through
       * the append function pointer); on each successive iteration
       * we'll use strcat to append the contents of the input buffer
       * to the target buffer.
       */
      append(line, inbuf);
      append = strcat;
    }
    else
    {
      /**
       * The realloc function failed; at this point, we'll just return
       * what we have.
       */
      printf("Unable to extend buffer\n");
    }
  }

  if (!newline && !feof(stream))
  {
    printf("Error on read!\n");
  }

  return line;
}

This code uses realloc instead of malloc for the initial allocation (calling realloc with NULL as the first argument is the same as calling malloc ).

Note that we assign the result of realloc to a temporary variable. If realloc fails (there isn't enough memory to satisfy the request) it will return NULL; if we assigned this to line we'd lose our pointer to any memory we've already allocated, causing a memory leak.

There's a little trickery with the append function pointer. The first time through the loop we want to copy our input buffer to the target buffer, so we set append to point to strcpy . After that, we want to append what's in the input buffer to the contents of the target buffer, so we set append to point to strcat .

Note that it's up to the caller to free the dynamic buffer when it's done with it.