如何将Java long转换为* unsigned * base-X String（并返回）？

Question

[EDIT] I am NOT accepting any answer which involves BigInteger, or other similarly inefficient method. Please actually read the question before answering!

Java, annoyingly enough, does not support unsigned number types. You can convert a byte, short or int to unsigned, by using the next bigger type, for example:

short s = -10;
int unsigned_short = s & 0xFFFF;

But you cannot do this with long, since there is no bigger type.

So, how do you convert a signed long into an "unsigned" base-X, in my case base-36, and back? The Long class has those methods, but treat longs as signed, simply because they are.

I could probably do that using some manipulation and BigInteger, but BigInteger is incredibly slow , and creates garbage through temporary BigInteger creation. And I'm going to be doing a lot of those conversions (I think). I need an algorithm that is as efficient as the default implementation of Long.toString(long i, int radix).

Trying to adapt the code of Long.toString() I come to:

final int RADIX = 36;
final char[] DIGITS = { '0', ... , 'Z' };
long value = 100;
if (value == 0) {
    return "0";
} else {
    char[] buf = new char[13];
    int charPos = 12;
    long i = value;
    while (i != 0) {
        buf[charPos--] = DIGITS[Math.abs((int) (i % RADIX))];
        i /= RADIX;
    }
    return new String(buf, charPos + 1, (12 - charPos));
}

But it does not handle negative values correctly, despite the Math.abs().

Once this works, I need the reverse conversion, but I'm hoping it will be easier. Your welcome to put it in your answer too.

[EDIT] Actually, I just looked at the code for Long.parseLong(String s, int radix), and it looks more complicated than Long.toString(long i, int radix).

Answer 1

    long l = 0xffffffffffffffffL; // any long, e.g. -1

    // to string
    BigInteger bi = new BigInteger(Long.toString(l & ~(1L << 63)));
    if (l < 0) bi = bi.setBit(64);
    final String b36 = bi.toString(36);
    System.out.println("original long:" + l);
    System.out.println("result 36: " + b36);

    // parse
    final BigInteger parsedBi = new BigInteger(b36, 36);

    l = parsedBi.longValue();
    if (parsedBi.testBit(64)) l = l | (1L << 63);
    System.out.println("parsed long = " + l);

---

Benchmarking (one million operations):

    // toString
    long l = 0x0ffffffffffffeffL;
    {
        final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) toStringBi(l);
        System.out.println("BigInteger time = " + 
            (System.currentTimeMillis() - start) + " ms.");
    }
    {
        final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) Long.toString(l, 36);
        System.out.println("Long.toString time = " + 
           (System.currentTimeMillis() - start) + "ms.");
    }
    // Parsing
    final String b36 = toStringBi(l);
    final String long36 = Long.toString(l, 36);
    {
        final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
            final BigInteger parsedBi = new BigInteger(b36, 36);
            l = parsedBi.longValue();
            if (parsedBi.testBit(64)) l = l | (1L << 63);
        }
        System.out.println("BigInteger.parse time = " 
            + (System.currentTimeMillis() - start) + " ms.");
    }
    {
        final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) Long.parseLong(long36, 36);
        System.out.println("Long.parseLong time = " 
            + (System.currentTimeMillis() - start) + "ms.");
    }

• BigInteger time = 1027 ms.
• Long.toString time = 244ms.
• BigInteger.parse time = 297 ms.
• Long.parseLong time = 132ms.

Answer 2

Another option is to use UnsignedLongs from the Google guava-libraries (which have lots of other goodies as well):

String s = UnsignedLongs.toString( -1L, Character.MAX_RADIX );

and

long l = UnsignedLongs.parseUnsignedLong( "2jsu3j", 36 );

Added to the benchmark from +EugeneRetunsky (see below) this gives the following times on my machine:

• BigInteger time (1st run) = 1306 ms.
• BigInteger time (2nd run) = 1075 ms.
• Long.toString time = 422ms.
• UnsignedLongs.toString time = 445ms.
• BigInteger.parse time = 298 ms.
• Long.parseLong time = 164ms.
• UnsignedLongs.parseUnsignedLong time = 107ms.

Out of curiosity, I let the first test run twice to check if that would improves the time. It consistently does (to ~400ms on my machine), also for the case of UnsignedLongs. The other options do not seem to profit any more from the hot-spot compiler.

public class UnsignedLongsTest {
private static String toStringBi( long l ) {
    BigInteger bi = new BigInteger(Long.toString(l & ~(1L << 63)));
    if (l < 0) {
        bi = bi.setBit(64);
    }
    final String b36 = bi.toString(36);
    return b36;
}

public static void main( String[] args ) {
    // toString
    long l = 0x0ffffffffffffeffL;
    {
        final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
            toStringBi(l);
        }
        System.out.println("BigInteger time (1st run) = " +
                (System.currentTimeMillis() - start) + " ms.");
    }
    {
        final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
            toStringBi(l);
        }
        System.out.println("BigInteger time (2nd run) = " +
                (System.currentTimeMillis() - start) + " ms.");
    }
    {
        final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
            Long.toString(l, 36);
        }
        System.out.println("Long.toString time = " +
           (System.currentTimeMillis() - start) + "ms.");
    }
    {
        final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
            UnsignedLongs.toString(l, 36);
        }
        System.out.println("UnsignedLongs.toString time = " +
                (System.currentTimeMillis() - start) + "ms.");
    }
    // Parsing
    final String b36 = toStringBi(l);
    final String long36 = Long.toString(l, 36);
    {
        final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
            final BigInteger parsedBi = new BigInteger(b36, 36);
            l = parsedBi.longValue();
            if (parsedBi.testBit(64)) {
                l = l | (1L << 63);
            }
        }
        System.out.println("BigInteger.parse time = "
            + (System.currentTimeMillis() - start) + " ms.");
    }
    {
        final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
            Long.parseLong(long36, 36);
        }
        System.out.println("Long.parseLong time = "
            + (System.currentTimeMillis() - start) + "ms.");
    }
    {
        final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
            UnsignedLongs.parseUnsignedLong( long36, 36 );
        }
        System.out.println("UnsignedLongs.parseUnsignedLong time = "
                + (System.currentTimeMillis() - start) + "ms.");
    }
}

Answer 3

Since despite "NOT accepting any answer which involves BigInteger", you accepted a BigInteger solution, here is an alternate BigInteger solution. Rather than masking off the sign, you can force the signum to always positive:

long input = 0xffffffffffffffffL; // any long, e.g. -1
byte[] bytes = ByteBuffer.allocate(8).putLong(input).array();

String base36 = new BigInteger(1, bytes).toString(36);

Answer 4

Also, if you are working with the long as a byte array, @JonnyDee has an algorithm (in Python but it's short) for converting between any two bases which is applicable here if you consider the byte array to be a number with Base-256 digits. Converting back to bytes is just converting base-36 to base-256.

https://stackoverflow.com/a/6158278/43217

And his corresponding blog post:

https://jonnydee.wordpress.com/2011/05/01/convert-a-block-of-digits-from-base-x-to-base-y/

Answer 5

The problem is that you're looking for a fast unsigned 64-bit divmod given only a signed 64-bit divmod. Searching for udivmoddi3 should give you a few implementations in C — these are typically used to do 64-bit divmod on architectures that only support 32-bit divmod in hardware.

Note that you only need to grab the bottom digit — once you've done this, the quotient will be positive and you can use Long.toString().

If the radix is even (you state base 36), you can get the bottom digit without too much hassle (my math may be wrong):

int bottomDigit = ((value>>>1)%(radix/2))<<1)|((int)value&1);
long rest = (value>>>1)/(radix/2);
if (rest == 0)
{
  return Integer.toString(bottomDigit,radix);
}
return Long.toString(rest,radix) + Integer.toString(bottomDigit,radix);

An obvious further optimization is to call Long.toString() directly if the value is positive.