首选 Bash shebang（“#？”）是什么？

Question

Is there any Bash shebang objectively better than the others for most uses?

• #!/usr/bin/env bash
• #!/bin/bash
• #!/bin/sh
• #!/bin/sh -
• etc

I vaguely recall a long time ago hearing that adding a dash to the end prevents someone passing a command to your script, but can't find any details on that.

Answer 1

You should use #!/usr/bin/env bash for portability : different *nixes put bash in different places, and using /usr/bin/env is a workaround to run the first bash found on the PATH . And sh is not bash .

Answer 2

I recommend using:

#!/bin/bash

It's not 100% portable (some systems place bash in a location other than /bin ), but the fact that a lot of existing scripts use #!/bin/bash pressures various operating systems to make /bin/bash at least a symlink to the main location.

The alternative of:

#!/usr/bin/env bash

has been suggested -- but there's no guarantee that the env command is in /usr/bin (and I've used systems where it isn't). Furthermore, this form will use the first instance of bash in the current users $PATH , which might not be a suitable version of the bash shell.

(But /usr/bin/env should work on any reasonably modern system, either because env is in /usr/bin or because the system does something to make it work. The system I referred to above was SunOS 4, which I probably haven't used in about 25 years.)

If you need a script to run on a system that doesn't have /bin/bash , you can modify the script to point to the correct location (that's admittedly inconvenient).

I've discussed the tradeoffs in greater depth in my answer to this question .

A somewhat obscure update: One system I use, Termux , a desktop-Linux-like layer that runs under Android, doesn't have /bin/bash ( bash is /data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin/bash ) -- but it has special handling to support #!/bin/bash .

Answer 3

/bin/sh is usually a link to the system's default shell, which is often bash but on, eg, Debian systems is the lighter weight dash . Either way, the original Bourne shell is sh , so if your script uses some bash (2nd generation, "Bourne Again sh") specific features ( [[ ]] tests, arrays, various sugary things, etc.), then you should be more specific and use the later. This way, on systems where bash is not installed, your script won't run. I understand there may be an exciting trilogy of films about this evolution...but that could be hearsay.

Also note that when evoked as sh , bash to some extent behaves as POSIX standard sh (see also the GNU docs about this).

Answer 4

Using a shebang line to invoke the appropriate interpreter is not just for BASH. You can use the shebang for any interpreted language on your system such as Perl, Python, PHP (CLI) and many others. By the way, the shebang

#!/bin/sh -

(it can also be two dashes, ie -- ) ends bash options everything after will be treated as filenames and arguments.

Using the env command makes your script portable and allows you to setup custom environments for your script hence portable scripts should use

#!/usr/bin/env bash

Or for whatever the language such as for Perl

#!/usr/bin/env perl

Be sure to look at the man pages for bash :

man bash

and env :

man env

Note: On Debian and Debian-based systems, like Ubuntu, sh is linked to dash not bash . As all system scripts use sh . This allows bash to grow and the system to stay stable, according to Debian.

Also, to keep invocation *nix like I never use file extensions on shebang invoked scripts, as you cannot omit the extension on invocation on executables as you can on Windows. The file command can identify it as a script.

Answer 5

It really depends on how you write your bash scripts. If your /bin/sh is symlinked to bash, when bash is invoked as sh , some features are unavailable .

If you want bash-specific, non-POSIX features, use #!/bin/bash

Answer 6

Add one more vote to the #./usr/bin/env approach, I use virtual environments a lot. in my case I use the python installed in the virtualenv. Using #./usr/bin/python may not be the python I want. I get the right python using #!/usr/bin/env python.

Answer 7

#!/bin/sh

as most scripts do not need specific bash feature and should be written for sh.

Also, this makes scripts work on the BSDs, which do not have bash per default.