将未知类型的元素输入到矢量中

Question

I'm working on a program that takes elements from a user and sorts them. For this program, I have to use a vector as the size of the element list is unknown prior to user input. Our instructions were:

Write a program in C++ to implement sorting of a list of elements. Elements can be of any type but will all be of same type, like all integers or all floats or all chars or all strings (strings shall be sorted like in a dictionary). You can implement any sorting algorithm of your choice.

1. Ask the user how many elements will be there
2. Ask the user to input elements
3. Ask the user to choose the sorting order: ascending or descending or both
4. Print both input and output lists
5. User will not provide any information regarding the type of elements

I'm not very familiar with vectors (teacher basically skimmed topic in class) and my book isn't giving me a whole lot of information on the subject. The problem I'm running into is that I don't know the type of the element list until the user begins input. So far, I have tried:

• creating a void type vector (obviously not allowed now that I've researched it, oops)
• overloading a function called insertInVector by sending the first element to the function and letting the function determine which vector type to create based on the type of the first element (which seemed like my best option when I thought of it, except I need access to the vector after the function terminates, so that ended up being a no go, too)
• #include <typeinfo> in program, finding the type of the first element, and then creating a vector using vector<typeid(firstElement).name()> and honestly I'm not sure why that didn't work, but it didn't.

Like I said I have EXTREMELY limited experience with vectors as this is my first time using them. I'm also a fairly new programmer so a lot of the research I've done on this has gone over my head. Any help that could be given in this would be GREATLY appreciated!

Answer 1

C++ is a language statically typed. It means that all the types should be determined during compilation: you cannot introduce new types when running the program.

• creating a void type vector (obviously not allowed now that I've researched it, oops)

void is actually quite a strange type, mostly a placeholder for when you would expect a type (like a function return type) and have none to provide. void* is used as a pointer to an unknown type (mostly in C) but this is quite a hack, because the information about the original is discarded (as far as the language is concerned) so this causes issues to actually do things with the value so obtained.

• overloading a function called insertInVector by sending the first element to the function and letting the function determine which vector type to create based on the type of the first element

• #include <typeinfo> in program, finding the type of the first element, and then creating a vector using vector<typeid(firstElement).name()> and honestly I'm not sure why that didn't work, but it didn't.

Unfortunately neither is possible: since you cannot declare a variable without a type, what would be the type of firstElement to begin with ?

---

The problem you are describing is difficult in general. Basically it means that you will have to accept a string of characters, and then code a set of rules to determine how to interpret those characters. This is done generically by using a grammar to encode those rules; but grammars might way complicated for what is probably a simple task.

Let me put together a small example:

class Input {
public:
    enum Type {
        Int,
        Double,
        String
    };

    static Input Parse(std::string const& s);

    Input(): _type(Int), _int(0), _double(0.0) {} // need to define a default...

    Type type() const { return _type; }

    int asInt() const {
        assert(_type == Int && "not an int");
        return _int;
    }

    double asDouble() const {
        assert(_type == Double && "not a double");
        return _double;
    }

    std::string const& asString() const {
        assert(_type == String && "not a string");
        return _string; 
    }

private:
    Type _type;
    int _int;
    double _double;
    std::string _string;
};

Obviously, the real challenge is to correctly Parse the input.

The idea is to use a set of rules, for example:

• an int is composed exclusively of digits, optionally prefixed by -
• a double is composed exclusively of digits, with at most one . and optionally prefixed by -
• a string can be anything, therefore is our catch-all

Then we can write the recognition part of the Parse method:

static bool isInt(std::string const& s) {
    if (s.empty()) { return false; }

    // The first character may be among digits and '-'
    char const first = s.at(0);
    if (not isdigit(first) and first != '-') { return false; }

    // Subsequent characters may only be digits
    for (char c: s.substr(1)) {
        if (not isdigit(c)) { return false; }
    }

    // Looks like it is an int :)
    return true;
} // isInt

// Note: any int could be interpreted as a double too
static bool maybeDouble(std::string const& s) {
    if (s.empty()) { return false; }

    // The first character may be among digits, '.' and '-'
    char const first = s.at(0);
    if (not isdigit(first) and first != '.' and first != '-') { return false; }

    // There may only be one dot
    bool hasSeenDot = s.at(0) == '.';

    // Subsequent characters may only be digits and a dot now
    for (char c: s.substr(1)) {
        if (not isdigit(c) and c != '.') { return false; }

        if (c == '.') {
            if (hasSeenDot) { return false; } // no second dot allowed
            hasSeenDot = true;
        }
    }

    // Looks like it could be a double
    return true;
} // maybeDouble

static Input::Type guessType(std::string const& s) {
    if (isInt(s)) { return Input::Int; }

    // Test double after we ensured it was not an int
    if (maybeDouble(s)) { return Input::Double; }

    return Input::String;
} // guessType

And with the guessing logic together, finally the parse comes:

Input Input::Parse(std::string const& s) {
    Input result;

    result._type = guessType(s);

    switch(result._type) {
    case Input::Int: {
        std::istringstream stream(s);
        s >> result._int;
        return result;
    }
    case Input::Double: {
        std::istringstream stream(s);
        s >> result._double;
        return result;
    }
    case Input::String:
        result._string = s;
        return result;
    }

    // Unreachable (normally)
    abort();
} // Input::Parse

Phew!

So ? Almost there. Now we need to determine how to compare two inputs. It's easy if they all have the same type, if not you will need to determine an arbitrary logic. You can transform an input Int in an input Double easily enough, but for string it's a bit weirder.

// define < for comparing two instance of "Input",
// assuming they both have the same type
bool operator<(Input const& left, Input const& right) {
    assert(left.type() == right.type() && "Different Types!");

    switch(left.type()) {
    case Input::Int: return left.asInt() < right.asInt();
    case Input::Double: return left.asDouble() < right.asDouble();
    case Input::String: return left.asString() < right.asString();
    }
} // operator<

And finally, the program:

int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
    // parse command line
    std::vector<Input> inputs;

    // by convention argv[0] is the program name, it does not count!
    for (int i = 1; i != argc; ++i) {
        inputs.push_back(Input::Parse(argv[i]));

        // Detect that the type is the same as the first input
        if (inputs.size() >= 2) {
            if (inputs.back().type() != inputs.front().type()) {
                std::cerr << "Please only use one type among Int, Double and String\n";
                return 1; // non-0 is an error
            }
        }
    }

    // sort
    std::sort(inputs.begin(), inputs.end());

    // echo back to the user
    for (Input const& i: inputs) {
        switch(i.type()) {
        case Input::Int: std::cout << i.asInt() << "\n"; break;
        case Input::Double: std::cout << i.asDouble() << "\n"; break;
        case Input::String: std::cout << i.asString() << "\n"; break;
        }
    }

    // End of the program
    return 0;
}

Of course as I don't know the types you wish to deal with.. I've decided an arbitrary set ;) However this should give you a skeleton to base yourself on.

Answer 2

Looking at the actual requirements of the problem as stated in the comments, I suggest you store all the inputs in an std::vector<std::string> and sort the vector using std::sort . So, instead of worrying about different types, you can specify the sorting logic depending on what you interpret the strings in your vector to represent. So

1. Implement sorting functions for strings depending on what the strings represent (more later)
2. store inputs as strings in a vector.
3. Determine which type the strings represent
4. select the sorting function based on this type
5. Sort the vector using std::sort and the appropriate sort function.

Concerning the sorting function, std::sort accepts a binary functor or function that applies a "less-than" comparison to two elelemts, so your functors or functions should look something like

bool foo(const std::string& rhs, const std::string& lhs) {
  // implement the logic
}

Edit : Looking at more recent comments, it seems that the main purpose if the exercise might have been to implement sorting algorithms for different types. In that case, I would suggest following the approach taken by the C++ standard library, that is, to implement sorting in terms or a less-than comparison between two types, thereby decoupling the sorting logic from the types to be sorted. So you would want a template sorting function, templated on iterator type and comparison function/functor.

Answer 3

If you know what are the types the user may input, you can use templates and inheritance:

class Generic {
public:
  virtual void process_input() = 0; // Handles the next input from user
  virtual void process_output() = 0; // Processes the data inserted
};

template <typename T>
class HandleInput : public Generic {
private:
    std::vector<T> storage;
public:
    HandleInput(T first)
    {
      storage.push_back(first);
    }

    void process_input()
    {
      // do whatever you want
    }

    void process_output()
    {
      // do whatever you want
    }
};

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  // Get first input
  Input i = input();
  Generic *g;

  // Instantiate the "right" generic with a switch
  switch (i.type) {
    case T:
      g = new HandleInput<T>(i.value);
  }

  // Use Generic from here onwards
}

That's just an idea ( Input cannot be implemented like that, you need to change that part with the logic that gets something from the user and determines its type), but it has the benefit of masking the type into a generic class, so you can factor your code around the interface provided by Generic .

Another idea (easier, probably) is using a std::vector<void*> and an enum that tells you what the type of the data stored in the vector is. When you need to process that data somewhere in the future, you can switch on the enum to appropriately cast the vector elements to the correct type and dispatch them to the appropriate code.

EDIT : another idea is to define a templatized function that takes the input and sorts the array using standard comparators:

#include <iostream>

#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>

template <typename T>
void print_v(std::vector<T> &v)
{
    typename std::vector<T>::iterator it;
    for (it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++)
        std::cout << *it << " ";
    std::cout << std::endl;
}

template <typename T>
void sort_and_print(T first, size_t n, bool asc)
{
    std::vector<T> v;
    v.push_back(first);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        std::string s;
        std::cin >> s;
        T e = boost::lexical_cast<T>(s);
        v.push_back(e);
    }

    print_v(v);
    if (asc)
        std::sort(v.begin(), v.end(), std::greater<T>());
    else
        std::sort(v.begin(), v.end());
    print_v(v);
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    std::string s = "test";
    sort_and_print(s, 2, true);
    unsigned int j = 3;
    sort_and_print(j, 2, true);
    return 0;
}

The logic to determine the type of the first input is up to you (maybe you can open another question) ;)

Answer 4

There are two aspects to this question: parsing & sorting.

• You can use regular expressions to check the user-input data-types.
• You can use cin to parse the data.

First: realise that you cannot necessarily know the type of your users input until you have received all of it ~eg: consider a list of user names :

728278243
390349346
495045594
elizabeth

Hence, best not to assume to know best about the incoming data ( can lead to a frustrating user-experience ) but instead, prefer to treat everything as potentially a string. Store all raw input as strings so you can output in same format as input. you can use say, an enumerated type to switch inside a sort comparator or consider using a mutliset/multimap . here you will be building an ordered set. so there is no need to sort. NB: the complexity for constructing an ordered set of N elements or , for a single sort on N unsorted list elements, is roughly equivalent ~> NlogN

For your task-in-hand, it hardly matters but in reality depending upon upon how the list is used, one or other approach will be far more appropriate in performance terms.

If you have already used the likes of std::vector then std::multimap shouldn't be too scary. Loosely, it is an associated array of key-value pairs. the multi here meaning it can store multiple elements with the same key (which here, you want).

In this example i am using the boost regex library in order to determine some funky input data-types.
(eg: sudo apt-get install libboost-regex1.46-dev )

This regex might seem arcane but there are many examples on the i/web for practically every conceivable pattern. [ NB: C++11 regex is pretty-much a drop-in replacement for boost regex. ie: boost regex should be forward-compatible with the emerging C++11 standard ]

blah.cpp:

#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <list>
#include <map>
#include <set>
#include <boost/regex.hpp>    
//NB: GNU gcc added *experimental support for regular expressions in TR1 v 4.3.0.
//    compile with:  -std=c++0x

using namespace std;
using namespace boost;

//some example input data-types (perhaps notably missing a date!) 
const regex re_char("[^0-9]", regex_constants::extended); //non numeric chars
const regex re_digit("[[:digit:]]+", regex_constants::extended); //a string of only digits in range [0..9] ~ie: Z+
const regex re_xdigit("0[xX][[:xdigit:]]+", regex_constants::extended); //support hex iff starts with '0x' or '0X'
const regex re_float("[-+]?[0-9]*\\.?[0-9]+([eE][-+]?[0-9]+)?", regex_constants::extended); //all kinds of numbers


int main(int argc, char** argv)
{    
    int i, countc=0;
    double d;
    string str;
    int element_count;    

    do
    {
        cout << "how many elements will there be? "; 
        if (cin >> element_count) break;
        cin.clear();
        cin >> str;
        cout << "\033[A\033[2K" << flush;
    }
    while(13);
    cin.ignore(128,'\n'); 

    multimap<double, string> list_num; 
    multimap<double, string> list_fp; 
    //NB: below, by way of example, construction using the 'greater<int>' comparison class achieves _descending_ order 
    multimap<int, string, greater<int> > list_int; 
    list<string> list_str; 

    for (int next=0; next < element_count; next++)
    {
        cout << "\033[A\033[2K" << flush;
        cout << "enter next element in list ["<< next+1 << "/" << element_count << "] : "; 
        getline (cin,str);

        if (regex_match(str, re_xdigit))
        {
            //see all about manipulators here:
            //http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/iostream/istream/operator%3E%3E/
            stringstream(str) >> hex >> i;            
            list_int.insert(pair<int, string>(i, str)); 
            list_num.insert(pair<double, string>(i, str)); 
        }
        else if (regex_match(str, re_digit))
        {
            stringstream(str) >> i;            
            list_int.insert(pair<int, string>(i, str));            
            list_num.insert(pair<double, string>(i, str)); 
        }
        else if (regex_match(str, re_float))
        {
            stringstream(str) >> d;    
            list_fp.insert(pair<double, string>(d, str));        
            list_num.insert(pair<double, string>(d, str)); 
        } 

        if (regex_match(str, re_char)) countc++;      
        list_str.push_back(str);
    }    

    cout << "\033[A\033[2K" << flush;

    cout << "input: unsorted list:" << endl;
    for (list<string>::iterator it=list_str.begin(); it!=list_str.end(); it++) 
        cout << *it << endl;

    if (list_int.size() == element_count)
    {
        cout << endl << "output: sorted list of Z+ types:" << endl;
        for (multimap<int, string>::iterator it=list_int.begin() ; it != list_int.end(); it++ )
            cout << (*it).second << endl;
    }
    else if (list_fp.size() == element_count)
    {
        cout << endl << "output: sorted list of fp types:" << endl;
        for (multimap<double, string>::iterator it=list_fp.begin() ; it != list_fp.end(); it++ )
            cout << (*it).second << endl;
    }
    else if (list_num.size() == element_count)
    {
        cout << endl << "output: sorted list of numeric types:" << endl;
        for (multimap<double, string>::iterator it=list_num.begin() ; it != list_num.end(); it++ )
            cout << (*it).second << endl;
    }
    else //output as sorted strings ~but in _descending_ order, using reverse iterator, by way of example
    {
        list_str.sort(); //but best to use list_str.sort(greater<string>()); with forward iterators
        cout << endl << "output: sorted list of " <<  (countc == element_count ? "non numeric char" : "string") << " types:" << endl;
        for (list<string>::reverse_iterator it=list_str.rbegin(); it!=list_str.rend(); ++it) 
            cout << *it << endl;        
    }   

    return 0;
}

Example was compiled & run on Ubuntu. Commandline stuff:

$
$ lsb_release -d
Description:    Ubuntu 11.10

$ g++ --version
g++ (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.6.1-9ubuntu3) 4.6.1 

$ g++ --pedantic -oblah blah.cpp -lboost_regex
$ ./blah
input: unsorted list:
4.77
2.0e+2
-.3
11
0x10

output: sorted list of numeric types:
-.3
4.77
11
0x10
2.0e+2
$

NB: This is example code:

• There are many optimisations that can be made here. You clearly don't need so many stl containers as i am using.
• I do not strictly deal with the direction of the sort (but show a couple of ways it may be achieved).
• It might also be nice to encapsulate the type-specific functionality in C++ objects; have a base class & then derived classes for each type you wish to support ~but this homework right? -so probably not worth going over-board then ;)