为什么2元组Functor实例仅将函数应用于第二个元素？

Question

import Control.Applicative

main = print $ fmap (*2) (1,2)

produces (1,4) . I would expect it it to produce (2,4) but instead the function is applied only to the second element of the tuple.

Update I've basically figured this out almost straight away. I'll post my own answer in a minute..

Answer 1

Let me answer this with a question: Which output do you expect for:

main = print $ fmap (*2) ("funny",2)

You can have something as you want (using data Pair a = Pair aa or so), but as (,) may have different types in their first and second argument, you are out of luck.

Answer 2

Pairs are, essentially, defined like this:

data (,) a b = (,) a b

The Functor class looks like this:

class Functor f where
  fmap :: (a -> b) -> f a -> f b

Since the types of function arguments and results must have kind * (ie they represent values rather than type functions that can be applied further or more exotic things), we must have a :: * , b :: * , and, most importantly for our purposes, f :: * -> * . Since (,) has kind * -> * -> * , it must be applied to a type of kind * to obtain a type suitable to be a Functor . Thus

instance Functor ((,) x) where
  -- fmap :: (a -> b) -> (x,a) -> (x,b)

So there's actually no way to write a Functor instance doing anything else.

---

One useful class that offers more ways to work with pairs is Bifunctor , from Data.Bifunctor .

class Bifunctor f where
  bimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> f a c -> f b d
  bimap f g = first f . second g

  first :: (a -> b) -> f a y -> f b y
  first f = bimap f id

  second :: (c -> d) -> f x c -> f x d
  second g = bimap id g

This lets you write things like the following (from Data.Bifunctor.Join ):

  newtype Join p a =
    Join { runJoin :: p a a }

  instance Bifunctor p => Functor (Join p) where
    fmap f = Join . bimap f f . runJoin

Join (,) is then essentially the same as Pair , where

data Pair a = Pair a a

Of course, you can also just use the Bifunctor instance to work with pairs directly.

Answer 3

The Functor instance is actually from the GHC.Base module which is imported by Control.Applicative .

Trying to write the instance I want, I can see that it won't work, given the definition of tuples; the instance requires just one type parameter, while the 2-tuple has two.

A valid Functor instance would at least have to be on tuples, (a,a) that have the same type for each element, but you cannot do anything sneaky, like define the instance on:

 type T2 a = (a,a)

because instance types aren't permitted to be synonyms.

The above restricted 2-tuple synonym is logically the same as the type:

data T2 a = T2 a a

which can have a Functor instance:

instance Functor T2 where
    fmap f (T2 x y) = T2 (f x) (f y)

As Gabriel remarked in the comments, this can be useful for branching structures or concurrency.