如何使用非类型参数重载<<类模板的运算符？

Question

I'm trying to overload operator<< of a class template , like this:

template<int V1,int V2>
class Screen
{
    template<int T1,int T2> friend ostream& operator<< (ostream &,Screen<T1,T2>&);  
    private:
        int width;  
        int length;
    public:
        Screen():width(V1),length(V2){}
};
template<int T1,int T2>
ostream& operator<< (ostream &os,Screen<T1,T2> &screen)
{
    os << screen.width << ' ' << screen.length;
    return os;
}

the code above is running corrent!but i want to know if there is any way to overload operator<< in a way by not setting it as a function template:

friend ostream& operator<< (ostream &,Screen<T1,T2>&); ?

Answer 1

Yes, but you have to predeclare the template and use <> syntax:

template<int V1, int V2> class Screen;
template<int T1, int T2> ostream &operator<< (ostream &,Screen<T1,T2> &);
template<int V1, int V2>
class Screen
{
    friend ostream& operator<< <>(ostream &, Screen&);
    ...

Answer 2

Good practice is to have some public function printContent like this -

void Screen::printContent(ostream &os)
{
    os << width << ' ' << length;
}

ostream& operator<< (ostream &os,Screen<T1,T2> &screen)
{
    screen.printContent(os);
    return os;
}

thus you don't need any friend s