如何使用malloc和free进行动态内存分配

Question

我刚开始学习C，来自php。 我还不了解如何使用malloc和free。

1）在下面的示例代码中，我可以在哪里放置“免费”？

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int strLen(char* text) {
  int c = 0;
  for (int i = 0; text[i] != '\0'; ++i) ++c;
  return c;
}


char* reverse(char* text) {

  int count = strLen(text);
  char* t = malloc(count);

  for (int i = count; i > 0; --i) { t[count - i] = text[i-1]; }
  t[count] = '\0'; /* Add end of string */

  return t;

}


int main (int argc, char** argv) {

  if (argc > 1) {
    for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) { 
      printf("%d\t%s\t%s\n", i, argv[i], reverse(argv[i])); 
    }
  }

  return 0;
}

2）这是valgrind的输出。 错误“大小为1的无效写入”和“大小为1的无效读取”是什么意思？

valgrind ./reverse Text ONe
==3124== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==3124== Copyright (C) 2002-2015, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==3124== Using Valgrind-3.11.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==3124== Command: ./reverse Text ONe
==3124==
==3124== Invalid write of size 1
==3124==    at 0x40060F: reverse (in /localServer/temp/C/reverse)
==3124==    by 0x400654: main (in /localServer/temp/C/reverse)
==3124==  Address 0x5203044 is 0 bytes after a block of size 4 alloc'd
==3124==    at 0x4C2DB8F: malloc (in /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
==3124==    by 0x4005C6: reverse (in /localServer/temp/C/reverse)
==3124==    by 0x400654: main (in /localServer/temp/C/reverse)
==3124==
==3124== Invalid read of size 1
==3124==    at 0x4E88CC0: vfprintf (vfprintf.c:1632)
==3124==    by 0x4E8F898: printf (printf.c:33)
==3124==    by 0x400682: main (in /localServer/temp/C/reverse)
==3124==  Address 0x5203044 is 0 bytes after a block of size 4 alloc'd
==3124==    at 0x4C2DB8F: malloc (in /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
==3124==    by 0x4005C6: reverse (in /localServer/temp/C/reverse)
==3124==    by 0x400654: main (in /localServer/temp/C/reverse)
==3124==
1 Text  txeT
2 ONe eNO
==3124==
==3124== HEAP SUMMARY:
==3124==     in use at exit: 7 bytes in 2 blocks
==3124==   total heap usage: 3 allocs, 1 frees, 1,031 bytes allocated
==3124==
==3124== LEAK SUMMARY:
==3124==    definitely lost: 7 bytes in 2 blocks
==3124==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==3124==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==3124==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==3124==         suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==3124== Rerun with --leak-check=full to see details of leaked memory
==3124==
==3124== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v
==3124== ERROR SUMMARY: 4 errors from 2 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

谢谢。

Answer 1

在使用反向返回的指针之后，应按如下所述释放循环。

int main (int argc, char** argv) {
    char *reverseStrPtr;

    if (argc > 1) {
        for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
            reverseStrPtr = reverse(argv[i]);
            printf("%d\t%s\t%s\n", i, argv[i], reverseStrPtr); 
            free(reverseStrPtr);
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

同样，valgrind错误基于下面的行，该行是reverse 。

t[count] = '\0'; /* Add end of string */

简而言之，当您分配count-byte个字节时，索引范围为[0, count) 。 因此，尝试访问count等效于访问第(count+1)位，这是访问冲突。

您需要纠正的是分配的内存量，即(count+1)个字节。 需要额外的字节来放置终止的'\\0'字符。

char* reverse(char* text) {
    int count = strLen(text);
    char* t = malloc(count+1); // +1 for the terminating '\0'

    for (int i = count; i > 0; --i) { t[count - i] = text[i-1];}
    t[count] = '\0'; /* Add end of string */

    return t;
}

Answer 2

您需要保留从reverse(argv[i])返回的指针，并free它。

一种方法是将main电源稍微调整为

int main (int argc, char** argv) {
    char* s;

    // if (argc > 1) { Comment out the redundant check
        for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) { 
            printf("%d\t%s\t%s\n", i, argv[i], s = reverse(argv[i]));
            free(s); 
        }
    //}
    return 0;
}

表达式内部的分配并不符合每个人的喜好（因为它们可能会让人混淆），但在这样的实例中它们可以很好地工作。 我是我应该习惯C语言中类似的东西。

同样， t[count] = '\\0'; 溢出缓冲区-其行为是不确定的 。 您需要malloc(1 + count);