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实现Equals和GetHashCode-一种更简单的方法

[英]Implementing Equals and GetHashCode - an easier way

我有一棵对象树(DTO),其中一个对象引用了其他对象,依此类推:

class Person
{
    public int Id { get; }
    public Address Address { get; }
    // Several other properties
}

public Address
{
    public int Id { get; }
    public Location Location { get; }
    // Several other properties
}

这些对象可能非常复杂,并具有许多其他属性。

在我的应用程序,一个Person有相同的Id可以在两个存储,本地存储的应用程序,并从后端的到来。 我需要以特定的方式将在线Person与本地Person合并,因此,我需要首先知道在线Person是否与本地存储的相同(换句话说,如果应用未更新Local Person )。 。

为了使用LINQ的Except,我知道我需要实现Equatable<T> ,而我看到的通常方式是这样的:

class Person : IEquatable<Person>
{
    public int Id { get; }
    public Address Address { get; }

    public override bool Equals(object obj)
    {
        return Equals(obj as Person);
    }

    public bool Equals(Person other)
    {
        return other != null &&
               Id == other.Id &&
               Address.Equals(other.Address);
    }

    public override int GetHashCode()
    {
        var hashCode = -306707981;
        hashCode = hashCode * -1521134295 + Id.GetHashCode();
        hashCode = hashCode * -1521134295 + (Address != null ? Address.GetHashCode() : 0);
        return hashCode;
    }

对我来说,这听起来很复杂且难以维护,当属性更改时,很容易忘记更新EqualsGetHashCode 根据对象,它在计算上也可能会有点昂贵。

以下内容不是实现EqualsGethashCode的更简单有效的方法吗?

class Person : IEquatable<Person>
{
    public int Id { get; }
    public Address Address { get; private set; }
    public DateTime UpdatedAt { get; private set; }

    public void SetAdress(Address address)
    {
        Address = address;
        UpdatedAt = DateTime.Now;
    }

    public override bool Equals(object obj)
    {
        return Equals(obj as Person);
    }

    public bool Equals(Person other)
    {
        return other != null &&
               Id == other.Id &&
               UpdatedAt.Ticks == other.UpdatedAt.Ticks;
    }

    public override int GetHashCode()
    {
        var hashCode = -306707981;
        hashCode = hashCode * -1521134295 + Id.GetHashCode();
        hashCode = hashCode * -1521134295 + UpdatedAt.Ticks.GetHashCode();
        return hashCode;
    }
}

我的想法是,只要对象更改,就会有一个时间戳记。 该时间戳记与对象一起保存。 我也在考虑将此字段用作存储中的并发令牌。

由于解析DateTime可能是一个问题,因此与其使用时间,不如说我认为Guid也是替代DateTime的好选择。 不会有太多的对象,因此Guid的唯一性不应该成为问题。

您认为这种方法有问题吗?

就像我在上面说过的那样,与让Equals和GetHashCode遍历所有属性相比,我认为它更容易实现且运行起来更快。

更新 :我考虑得越多,我倾向于觉得在类上实现EqualsGetHashCode不是一个好方法。 我认为最好实现专门的IEqualityComparer<Person> ,以特定的方式比较Person并将其传递给LINQ的方法。

这样做的原因是,就像在评论和答案中一样,可以以不同的方式使用Person

如果两个对象具有相同的属性但在不同的时间创建,则将给您带来假的负相等;如果两个对象的属性具有不同的属性却又相继创建,则会给您带来假的正等式(时钟不那么精确) 。

对于LINQ Except ,实际上是您需要实现的GetHashCode ,并且应该使用所有属性的哈希码。

理想情况下,它们也应该是不可变的(删除私有设置器),以便一个对象在整个生命周期中具有相同的哈希码。

您的GetHashCode也应unchecked

另外,您可以将Except与自定义比较器一起使用。

真正的惰性版本,用于使用值元组(不为此分配值)来实现GetHashCode / Equals

class Person : IEquatable<Person>
{
    public int Id { get; }
    public Address Address { get; }
    public Person(int id, Address address) => (Id, Address) = (id, address);

    public override bool Equals(object obj) => Equals(obj as Person);

    public bool Equals(Person other) => other != null
             && (Id, Address).Equals((other.Id,other.Address));

    public override int GetHashCode() => (Id, Address).GetHashCode();
}

以下是LinqPad草图,您可以从这里开始。 它具有您可以用来根据需要定制的所有工具。 当然,这仅仅是一个概念,并不是所有方面都得到了详尽阐述。

如您所见,有一个Include属性可以应用于您要包括在哈希中的后备字段。

void Main()
{
    var o1 = new C { Interesting = "Whatever", NotSoInterresting = "Blah.." };
    var o2 = new C { Interesting = "Whatever", NotSoInterresting = "Blah-blah.." }; 

    (o1 == o2).Dump("o1 == o2"); // False
    (o2 == o1).Dump("o2 == o1"); // False

    var o3 = o1.Clone();
    (o3 == o1).Dump("o3 == o1"); // True
    (object.ReferenceEquals(o1, o3)).Dump("R(o3) == R(o2)"); // False

    o3.NotSoInterresting = "Changed!";
    (o1 == o3).Dump("o1 == C(o3)"); // True

    o3.Interesting = "Changed!";
    (o1 == o3).Dump("o1 == C(o3)"); // False
}

[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Field)]
public class IncludeAttribute : Attribute { }

public static class ObjectExtensions
{
    public static int GetHash(this object obj) => obj?.GetHashCode() ?? 1;

    public static int CalculateHashFromFields(this object obj)
    {
        var fields = obj.GetType()
            .GetFields(BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly /*or not*/)
            .Where(f => f.CustomAttributes.Any(x => x.AttributeType.Equals(typeof(IncludeAttribute))));

        var result = 1;

        unchecked
        {
            foreach(var f in fields) result *= f.GetValue(obj).GetHash();
        }

        return result;
    }
}

public partial class C
{
    [Include]
    private int id;
    public int Id { get => id; private set { id = value; UpdateHash(); } }

    [Include]
    private string interesting;
    public string Interesting { get => interesting; set { interesting = value; UpdateHash(); } }

    public string NotSoInterresting { get; set; }
}

public partial class C: IEquatable<C>
{
    public C Clone() => new C { Id = this.Id, Interesting = this.Interesting, NotSoInterresting = this.NotSoInterresting };

    private static int _id = 1; // Some persistence is required instead

    public C()
    {
        Id = _id++;
    }

    private int hash;

    private void UpdateHash() => hash = this.CalculateHashFromFields();

    public override bool Equals(object obj)
    {
        return Equals(obj as C);
    }

    public bool Equals(C other) => this.hash == other.hash;

    public override int GetHashCode() => hash;

    public static bool operator ==(C obj1, C obj2) => obj1.Equals(obj2);

    public static bool operator !=(C obj1, C obj2) => !obj1.Equals(obj2);
}

[更新18.06.17]

更新后的版本:

void Main()
{
    var o1 = new C { Interesting = "Whatever", NotSoInterresting = "Blah.." };
    var o2 = new C { Interesting = "Whatever", NotSoInterresting = "Blah-blah.." }; 

    (o1 == o2).Dump("o1 == o2"); // False
    (o2 == o1).Dump("o2 == o1"); // False

    var o3 = o1.Clone();
    (o3 == o1).Dump("o3 == o1"); // True
    (object.ReferenceEquals(o1, o3)).Dump("R(o3) == R(o2)"); // False

    o3.NotSoInterresting = "Changed!";
    (o1 == o3).Dump("o1 == C(o3)"); // True

    o3.Interesting = "Changed!";
    (o1 == o3).Dump("o1 == C(o3)"); // False

    C o4 = null;
    (null == o4).Dump("o4 == null"); // True
}

[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Field)]
public class IncludeAttribute : Attribute { }

public static class ObjectExtensions
{
    public static int GetHash(this object obj) => obj?.GetHashCode() ?? 1;
}

public abstract class EquatableBase : IEquatable<EquatableBase>
{
    private static FieldInfo[] fields = null;

    private void PrepareFields()
    {
        fields = this.GetType()
            .GetFields(BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly /*or not*/)
            .Where(f => f.CustomAttributes.Any(x => x.AttributeType.Equals(typeof(IncludeAttribute))))
            .ToArray();
    }

    private int CalculateHashFromProperties()
    {
        if (fields == null) PrepareFields();

        var result = 1;

        unchecked
        {
            foreach (var f in fields) result ^= f.GetValue(this).GetHash();
        }

        return result;
    }

    private bool CheckDeepEqualityTo(EquatableBase other)
    {
        if (ReferenceEquals(other, null) || other.GetType() != GetType()) return false;
        if (fields == null) PrepareFields();

        var result = true;
        for(int i = 0; i < fields.Length && result; i++)
        {
            var field = fields[i];
            result &= field.GetValue(this).Equals(field.GetValue(other));
        }
        return result;
    }

    private int hash;

    protected int UpdateHash() => hash = this.CalculateHashFromProperties();

    protected void InvalidateHash() => hash = 0;

    public override bool Equals(object obj) => Equals(obj as EquatableBase);

    public bool Equals(EquatableBase other) => object.ReferenceEquals(this, other) || this.CheckDeepEqualityTo(other);

    public override int GetHashCode() => hash == 0 ? UpdateHash() : hash;

    public static bool operator ==(EquatableBase obj1, EquatableBase obj2) => ReferenceEquals(obj1, obj2) || obj1?.CheckDeepEqualityTo(obj2) == true;

    public static bool operator !=(EquatableBase obj1, EquatableBase obj2) => !(obj1 == obj2);
}

public partial class C: EquatableBase
{
    private static int _id = 1; // Some persistence is required instead

    public C()
    {
        Id = _id++;
    }

    public C Clone() => new C { Id = this.Id, Interesting = this.Interesting, NotSoInterresting = this.NotSoInterresting };

    [Include]
    private int id;
    public int Id { get => id; private set { id = value; InvalidateHash(); } }

    [Include]
    private string interesting;
    public string Interesting { get => interesting; set { interesting = value; InvalidateHash(); } }

    public string NotSoInterresting { get; set; }
}

仍然不能摆脱在setter中调用某些东西(当然仍然存在进行优化的地方),但是这些改进非常困难:

  • 可重用的基类,而不是局部的
  • 每种类型都会缓存感兴趣的字段
  • 散列仅在无效后才在第一个请求时重新计算,并且无效
  • 根据感兴趣的字段进行深度相等检查,而不仅仅是比较散列

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