如何概括 std::chrono::duration(s)？

Question

我为我的大学 class 编写了三个版本的算法。

一种是蛮力，另一种是贪婪，最后一种是启发式。

我希望能够测量每个算法完成所需的时间。

我正在使用<chrono>库来实现这一点

现在我的代码如下所示：

#include <iostream>
#include <chrono>
#include <sstream>

using namespace std;

string getTimeElapsed(long time1, const string &unit1, long time2 = 0, const string &unit2 = "") {
    stringstream s;
    s << time1 << " [" << unit1 << "]";
    if (time2) s << " " << time2 << " [" << unit2 << "]";
    return s.str();
}

int main() {
    auto begin = chrono::system_clock::now();
    // algorithm goes here
    auto solution = /* can be anything */
    auto end = chrono::system_clock::now();
    auto diff = end - begin;

    string timeElapsed;
    auto hours = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::hours>(diff).count();
    auto minutes = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::minutes>(diff).count();
    if (hours) {
        minutes %= 60;
        timeElapsed = getTimeElapsed(hours, "h", minutes, "min");
    } else {
        auto seconds = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::seconds>(diff).count();
        if (minutes) {
            seconds %= 60;
            timeElapsed = getTimeElapsed(minutes, "min", seconds, "s");
        } else {
            auto milliseconds = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(diff).count();
            if (seconds) {
                milliseconds %= 1000;
                timeElapsed = getTimeElapsed(seconds, "s", milliseconds, "ms");
            } else {
                auto microseconds = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::microseconds>(diff).count();
                if (milliseconds) {
                    microseconds %= 1000;
                    timeElapsed = getTimeElapsed(milliseconds, "ms", microseconds, "μs");
                } else {
                    auto nanoseconds = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::nanoseconds>(diff).count();
                    if (microseconds) {
                        nanoseconds %= 1000;
                        timeElapsed = timeElapsed = getTimeElapsed(microseconds, "μs", nanoseconds, "ns");
                    } else timeElapsed = getTimeElapsed(nanoseconds, "ns");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    cout << "Solution [" << solution << "] found in " << timeElapsed << endl;

    return 0;
}

如您所见，堆叠的if-else子句看起来非常难看，您可以在此处看到一个模式：

if (timeUnit) { 
    timeElapsed = /* process current time units */
} else {
    /* step down a level and do the same for smaller time units */
}

我想让该过程成为递归 function。

但是，我不知道这种 function 的参数应该是什么，因为 chrono chrono::duration是一个模板结构（？）

这个 function 看起来有点像这样：

string prettyTimeElapsed(diff, timeUnit) {
    // recursion bound condition
    if (timeUnit is chrono::nanoseconds) return getTimeElapsed(timeUnit, "ns");

    auto smallerTimeUnit = /* calculate smaller unit using current unit */
    if (timeUnit) return getTimeElapsed(timeUnit, ???, smallerTimeUnit, ???);
    else return prettyTimeElapsed(diff, smallerTimeUnit);
}

我正在考虑这样做：

auto timeUnits = {chrono::hours(), chrono::minutes(), ..., chrono::nanoseconds()};

然后我可以将指针（甚至是索引）指向时间单位并将其传递给 function。

问题是我不知道如何概括这些结构。

CLion 高亮显示一个错误Deduced conflicting types (duration<[...], ratio<3600, [...]>> vs duration<[...], ratio<60, [...]>>) for initializer list element type

Answer 1

使用chrono时最好的一般建议是仅在绝对必须时转义类型系统（使用.count() ）。 这可能与 C 或一些不了解计时的 C++ 库接口。 在 C++ 20 之前，这也意味着输出到 stream。

如果我们把自己留在类型系统中，我们可以得到很多很好的转换，而且总是正确的。

让我们更正问题中的代码以反映这一点：

#include <iostream>
#include <chrono>
#include <sstream>

std::string getTimeElapsed(long time1, const std::string &unit1, long time2 = 0, const std::string &unit2 = "") {
    std::stringstream s;
    s << time1 << " [" << unit1 << "]";
    if (time2) s << " " << time2 << " [" << unit2 << "]";
    return s.str();
}

int main() {
    auto begin = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
    // algorithm goes here
    auto solution = "solution"; /* can be anything */
    auto end = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
    auto diff = end - begin;

    std::string timeElapsed{""};
    // Let's make the typing and reading easier for us but requires C++14
    using namespace std::chrono_literals;
    auto hours = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::hours>(diff);
    auto minutes = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::minutes>(diff % 1h);
    if (hours != 0h) {
        // We need to escape the type system to call getTimeElapsed
        timeElapsed = getTimeElapsed(hours.count(), "h", minutes.count(), "min");
    } else {
        auto seconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(diff % 1min);
        if (minutes != 0min) {
            timeElapsed = getTimeElapsed(minutes.count(), "min", seconds.count(), "s");
        } else {
            auto milliseconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(diff % 1s);
            if (seconds != 0s) {
                timeElapsed = getTimeElapsed(seconds.count(), "s", milliseconds.count(), "ms");
            } else {
                auto microseconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(diff % 1ms);
                if (milliseconds != 0ms) {
                    timeElapsed = getTimeElapsed(milliseconds.count(), "ms", microseconds.count(), "μs");
                } else {
                    auto nanoseconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(diff % 1us);
                    if (microseconds != 0us) {
                        timeElapsed = timeElapsed = getTimeElapsed(microseconds.count(), "μs", nanoseconds.count(), "ns");
                    } else timeElapsed = getTimeElapsed(nanoseconds.count(), "ns");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    std::cout << "Solution [" << solution << "] found in " << timeElapsed << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

现在，我们尽可能长时间地坚持使用chrono 。 调用getTimeElapsed尚不兼容chrono 。

我并不完全满意，所以让我们在getTimeElapsed中也支持duration ：

template <typename Duration1, typename Duration2>
std::string getTimeElapsed(Duration1 time1, const std::string &unit1, Duration2 time2, const std::string &unit2) {
    std::stringstream s;
    s << time1.count() << " [" << unit1 << "]";
    if (time2 != Duration2::zero()) s << " " << time2.count() << " [" << unit2 << "]";
    return s.str();
}

template <typename Duration1>
std::string getTimeElapsed(Duration1 time1, const std::string &unit1) {
    std::stringstream s;
    s << time1.count() << " [" << unit1 << "]";
    return s.str();
}

我们需要两个版本的getTimeElapsed ，因为在最后一个else中，我们只使用一个时间和单位参数对，这意味着我们不能满足两种Duration类型的template参数要求。 现在代码看起来好多了（只保留相关的更改）：

...
    if (hours != 0h) {
        timeElapsed = getTimeElapsed(hours, "h", minutes, "min");
    } else {
        auto seconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(diff % 1min);
        if (minutes != 0min) {
            timeElapsed = getTimeElapsed(minutes, "min", seconds, "s");
        } else {
            auto milliseconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(diff % 1s);
            if (seconds != 0s) {
                timeElapsed = getTimeElapsed(seconds, "s", milliseconds, "ms");
            } else {
                auto microseconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(diff % 1ms);
                if (milliseconds != 0ms) {
                    timeElapsed = getTimeElapsed(milliseconds, "ms", microseconds, "μs");
                } else {
                    auto nanoseconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(diff % 1us);
                    if (microseconds != 0us) {
                        timeElapsed = timeElapsed = getTimeElapsed(microseconds, "μs", nanoseconds, "ns");
                    } else timeElapsed = getTimeElapsed(nanoseconds, "ns");
                }
            }
        }
    }
    ...

很好，但是，我们仍然邀请用户发送他们想要的任何内容getTimeElapsed ，除非他们碰巧有一个.count()成员，否则会导致编译器错误。 让我们稍微限制一下我们的template ：

template <typename Rep1, typename Ratio1, typename Rep2, typename Ratio2>
std::string getTimeElapsed(std::chrono::duration<Rep1, Ratio1> time1, const std::string &unit1, std::chrono::duration<Rep2, Ratio2>  time2, const std::string &unit2) {
    std::stringstream s;
    s << time1.count() << " [" << unit1 << "]";
    if (time2 != time2.zero()) s << " " << time2.count() << " [" << unit2 << "]";
    return s.str();
}

template <typename Rep, typename Ratio>
std::string getTimeElapsed(std::chrono::duration<Rep, Ratio> time1, const std::string &unit1) {
    std::stringstream s;
    s << time1.count() << " [" << unit1 << "]";
    return s.str();
}

我们不需要为此更改调用代码。 我相信这足以帮助您了解如何在更通用的上下文中使用std::chrono::duration ，这是您遇到的一个子问题。

现在我们可以开始解决您的问题，我认为（通过阅读评论）实际上是“我怎样才能整理嵌套的if语句并只打印前两个非零单元。”

这并不像最初出现的那么简单。 在我看来，递归很少是答案。 将其视为单元类型的循环也对其进行了过度设计，您需要编写一些代码来从元组中获取当前类型的索引，将其加一，然后使用它来索引相同的元组以获得更高分辨率的下一个单元。 然后，当所有这些都说完了，你仍然需要知道要打印什么单位来为值提供它的上下文。 我宁愿看到getTimeElapsed写成如下：

std::string getTimeElapsed(std::chrono::nanoseconds elapsed, size_t maxUnits = 2)
{
    using namespace std::chrono_literals;
    std::ostringstream formatted("");

    int usedUnits{};

    auto hours = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::hours>(elapsed);
    if (hours != 0h)
    {
        formatted << hours.count() << " [h] ";
        ++usedUnits;
    }

    auto minutes = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::minutes>(elapsed % 1h);
    if (minutes != 0min)
    {
        formatted << minutes.count() << " [min] ";
        ++usedUnits;
    }

    auto seconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(elapsed % 1min);
    if (seconds != 0min && usedUnits != maxUnits)
    {
        formatted << seconds.count() << " [s] ";
        ++usedUnits;
    }

    auto milliseconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(elapsed % 1s);
    if (milliseconds != 0ms && usedUnits != maxUnits)
    {
        formatted << milliseconds.count() << " [ms] ";
        ++usedUnits;
    }

    auto microseconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(elapsed % 1ms);
    if (microseconds != 0us && usedUnits != maxUnits)
    {
        formatted << microseconds.count() << " [us] ";
        ++usedUnits;
    }

    auto nanoseconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(elapsed % 1us);
    if (nanoseconds != 0us && usedUnits != maxUnits)
    {
        formatted << nanoseconds.count() << " [us] ";
        ++usedUnits;
    }

    return formatted.str();
}

将总经过时间作为std::chrono::nanoseconds nanoseconds （从end - begin ）并将其传递给getTimeElapsed 。 我们现在进行与以前相同的计算以获取组件单位，但还要跟踪我们计算了多少单位。 如果elapsed为1'000'000'000ns，则结果为“1 [s]”； 如果elapsed为 1'234'568ns，则结果为“1 [ms] 234 [us]”。 有尾随空格，但我会把它留给你来解决。

这也意味着我们不再需要我们之前重构的template ，但我添加它们是为了展示我在整个重构过程中的思考过程。 最终程序如下所示：

#include <chrono>
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>

std::string getTimeElapsed(std::chrono::nanoseconds elapsed, size_t maxUnits = 2)
{
    using namespace std::chrono_literals;
    std::ostringstream formatted("");

    int usedUnits{};

    auto hours = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::hours>(elapsed);
    if (hours != 0h)
    {
        formatted << hours.count() << " [h] ";
        ++usedUnits;
    }

    auto minutes = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::minutes>(elapsed % 1h);
    if (minutes != 0min)
    {
        formatted << minutes.count() << " [min] ";
        ++usedUnits;
    }

    auto seconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(elapsed % 1min);
    if (seconds != 0min && usedUnits != maxUnits)
    {
        formatted << seconds.count() << " [s] ";
        ++usedUnits;
    }

    auto milliseconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(elapsed % 1s);
    if (milliseconds != 0ms && usedUnits != maxUnits)
    {
        formatted << milliseconds.count() << " [ms] ";
        ++usedUnits;
    }

    auto microseconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(elapsed % 1ms);
    if (microseconds != 0us && usedUnits != maxUnits)
    {
        formatted << microseconds.count() << " [us] ";
        ++usedUnits;
    }

    auto nanoseconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(elapsed % 1us);
    if (nanoseconds != 0us && usedUnits != maxUnits)
    {
        formatted << nanoseconds.count() << " [us] ";
        ++usedUnits;
    }

    return formatted.str();
}

int main() {
    auto begin = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
    // algorithm goes here
    auto solution = "solution"; /* can be anything */
    auto end = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
    auto diff = end - begin;

    using namespace std::chrono_literals;
    std::cout << "Solution [" << solution << "] found in " << getTimeElapsed(1'234'567ns) << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

如果您想更进一步并且永远不需要逃避类型系统，那么我建议您查看Howard Hinnant 的date库。 该库是 C++20 中新的chrono功能的基础，并将字符串格式化引入表中。 只需以适合您的任何方式从库中包含date.h并修改getTimeElapsed如下：

std::string getTimeElapsed(std::chrono::nanoseconds elapsed, size_t maxUnits = 2)
{
    using namespace std::chrono_literals;
    std::ostringstream formatted("");

    int usedUnits{};

    auto hours = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::hours>(elapsed);
    if (hours != 0h)
    {
        formatted << hours << " ";
        ++usedUnits;
    }

    auto minutes = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::minutes>(elapsed % 1h);
    if (minutes != 0min)
    {
        formatted << minutes << " ";
        ++usedUnits;
    }

    auto seconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(elapsed % 1min);
    if (seconds != 0min && usedUnits != maxUnits)
    {
        formatted << seconds << " ";
        ++usedUnits;
    }

    auto milliseconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(elapsed % 1s);
    if (milliseconds != 0ms && usedUnits != maxUnits)
    {
        formatted << milliseconds << " ";
        ++usedUnits;
    }

    auto microseconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(elapsed % 1ms);
    if (microseconds != 0us && usedUnits != maxUnits)
    {
        formatted << microseconds << " ";
        ++usedUnits;
    }

    auto nanoseconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(elapsed % 1us);
    if (nanoseconds != 0us && usedUnits != maxUnits)
    {
        formatted << nanoseconds << " ";
        ++usedUnits;
    }

    return formatted.str();
}

使用与以前相同的值，结果现在将是：“1ms 234us”代表 1'234'567ns。