如何在 typescript 中正确键入 class 变量

Question

我有一个代表数据库中记录的 class 层次结构，每个表都有一个 class 。 我希望能够正确键入检查 class 对象（表示表）以及 class 的实例（表示数据库中的各个行）。 我可以编译我的代码的唯一方法是通过将保存 class 的变量转换为<any>来禁用类型检查。 下面是一个人为的示例，演示了我遇到的问题/问题。

我的主要问题是关于持有类的变量的类型。 我认为这三个问题的答案应该是相同的：

• 我应该为name字典中的值赋予什么类型（在代码的第 3 行定义）？
• 我应该给cls什么类型（在第 31 行定义）？
• 同样，第 49 行的 function maybeMakeInstance中的cls应该是什么类型

奖金问题：

• 有没有办法确保 static 成员（例如，在第 3 行定义的names ）永远不会在子类中定义？
• 声明必须在子类中重新定义的tablename成员（例如，表名和all在第 6 行和第 7 行定义并在第 61 和 62 行重新定义）的正确方法是什么？

class A {
    // this should not be inheritable
    static names:{ [name: string]: { new(key:string):A} } = {};

    // next two need to be inherited in each subclass
    static tablename:string = "Aclass";
    static all: Record<string, A> = {};

    id: string;

    // create a new object and put into per class cache, `all`
    constructor(key:string = null) {
        this.id = key;
        if (key != null) {
            new.target.all[key] = this;
        }
    }

    // return instance matching `key`.  Will only search in exact class (not subclasses or superclasses)
    static find(key:string):A|null {
        if (key in this.all) {
            return this.all[key];
        }
        console.log(`${key} not in ${this.tablename}`);
        return null;
    }

    // pretty print info about instance
    show():void {
        // What is proper type for `this.constructor`?  <{ new(key:string):A}> fails as does doing nothing.
        const cls = <any>this.constructor;
        console.log(`${this.id} from ${cls.tablename}`);
    }

    // pretty print info about instance
    static showall():void {
        for (let x in this.all) {
            this.all[x].show();
        }
    }

    static init(name:string):void {
        this.names[name] = this;
    }

    static maybeMakeInstance(clsname:string, key:string):A {
        if ( !(clsname in A.names) ) throw new Error(`unknown classname: ${clsname}`);
        // what is proper type of `cls`?
        let cls:any = A.names[clsname];
        if (key in cls.all) {
            console.log(`Reusing ${key} in class ${clsname}/${cls.tablename}`);
            return cls.all[key];
        }
        return new cls(key);
    }
};
A.init('classA');

class B extends A {
    // is this proper way to override superclass static members?
    static tablename:string = "Bclass";
    static all: Record<string, B> = {};
}
B.init('classB');

// make sure above code is working.
function main() {
    let a = new A('first');
    A.showall();
    A.find('first').show();
    new A('second');
    new B('one');
    A.showall();
    B.showall();
    console.log(B.find('first'));
    console.log(B.find('second'));
    console.log(B.find('one'));
    console.log(A.find('one'));
    A.maybeMakeInstance('classA', 'third');
    A.maybeMakeInstance('classB', 'two');
    A.maybeMakeInstance('classB', 'two');
    console.log('------ A');
    A.showall();
    console.log('------ B');
    B.showall();
    A.maybeMakeInstance('classA', 'two');
    console.log('------ A');
    A.showall();
}
main();
////////////////
// running this file will result in the following output:
////////////////
// first from Aclass
// first from Aclass
// first from Aclass
// second from Aclass
// one from Bclass
// first not in Bclass
// null
// second not in Bclass
// null
// B { id: 'one' }
// one not in Aclass
// null
// Reusing two in class classB/Bclass
// ------ A
// first from Aclass
// second from Aclass
// third from Aclass
// ------ B
// one from Bclass
// two from Bclass
// ------ A
// first from Aclass
// second from Aclass
// third from Aclass
// two from Aclass
////////////////

Answer 1

这两个额外问题的答案基本上都是“你不能”，这对我来说表明这不是一个伟大的设计。 所以我基本上重写了你的代码，而不是回答你的打字问题，我希望这会有所帮助。

你的classA试图做的太多了。 它代表一个单独的表 object，存储它自己类型的所有实例，并存储所有其他类型的名称。 让我们将这三种用途分解为它们自己的类。

每个 object 实例都是一个TableObject 。 它打印自己的唯一方法。

class TableObject {
    id: string;
    table: Table;

    // TableObject stores a reference to the table that it is in
    constructor (table: Table, id: string) {
        this.id = id;
        this.table = table;
    }

    // pretty print info about instance
    show():void {
        console.log(`${this.id} from ${this.table.tablename}`);
    }
}

每个 class 名称都是一个Table 。 该表存储object实例，可以查找或创建对象，可以打印所有对象。

class Table {
    tablename: string;
    all: Record<string, TableObject> = {};

    // construct a table from a name
    constructor( tablename: string ) {
        this.tablename = tablename;
    }

    // return TableObject instance matching `key`.
    find(key:string): TableObject | null {
        const obj = this.all[key];
        if ( obj ) return obj;
        console.log(`${key} not in ${this.tablename}`);
        return null;
    }

    // create a new TableObject instance and put into per class cache, `all`
    create(key:string): TableObject {
        const obj = new TableObject(this, key);
        this.all[key] = obj;
        return obj;
    }

    // pretty print info about all TableObject instances in this table
    showAll(): void {
        for (let x in this.all) {
            this.all[x].show();
        }
    }
}

不同的表存储在Database中。 数据库可以执行之前class A中的maybeMakeInstance和showAll函数。

class Database {

    // store an object of Table classes keked by table name
    tables: Record<string, Table> = {};

    // can create an empty Database, or initialize with some Tables
    constructor( tables: Table[] = [] ) {
        tables.forEach(t => this.addTable(t));
    }

    // add an existing Table object to the Database
    addTable( table: Table ): void {
        this.tables[table.tablename] = table;
    }

    // create a new Table object and add it to the Database
    createTable( tablename: string ): Table {
        const table = new Table(tablename);
        this.addTable(table);
        return table;
    }

    // retrieve Table object by name
    getTable(tablename: string): Table | null {
        return this.tables[tablename] ?? null;
    }

    // find or create a TableObject based on the table name and object key
    maybeMakeInstance(tablename:string, key:string): TableObject {
        const table = this.getTable(tablename);
        if ( ! table ) throw new Error(`unknown table name: ${tablename}`);

        const existing = table.find(key);
        if (existing) {
            console.log(`Reusing ${key} in table ${tablename}`);
            return existing;
        }
        return table.create(key);
    }

    // show all result from all tables
    showAll(): void {
        Object.values(this.tables).forEach(t => t.showAll());
    }
}

您的代码示例如下所示：

function main() {
    const tableA = new Table('classA');
    tableA.create('first');
    tableA.showAll();
    tableA.find('first')?.show();
    tableA.create('second');
    const database = new Database([tableA]);
    const tableB = database.createTable('classB')
    tableB.create('one');
    tableA.showAll();
    tableB.showAll();
    console.log(tableB.find('first'));
    console.log(tableB.find('second'));
    console.log(tableB.find('one'));
    console.log(tableA.find('one'));
    database.maybeMakeInstance('classA', 'third');
    database.maybeMakeInstance('classB', 'two');
    database.maybeMakeInstance('classB', 'two');
    console.log('------ A');
    tableA.showAll();
    console.log('------ B');
    tableB.showAll();
    database.maybeMakeInstance('classA', 'two');
    console.log('------ A');
    database.showAll();
}
main();

它现在能够区分不同的表，最终打印 output：

"first from classA" 
"second from classA" 
"third from classA" 
"two from classA" 
"one from classB" 
"two from classB" 

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