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捕获多个自定义异常? - C++

[英]Catch Multiple Custom Exceptions? - C++

我是我的第一个 C++ 编程课程的学生,我正在从事一个项目,我们必须创建多个自定义异常类,然后在我们的一个事件处理程序中,使用try/catch块来适当地处理它们。

我的问题是:如何在try/catch块中捕获多个自定义异常? GetMessage()是我的异常类中的一个自定义方法,它将异常解释作为std::string 下面我已经包含了我项目中的所有相关代码。

谢谢你的帮助!

尝试/捕获块


    // This is in one of my event handlers, newEnd is a wxTextCtrl
try {
    first.ValidateData();
    newEndT = first.ComputeEndTime();
    *newEnd << newEndT;
}
catch (// don't know what do to here) {
    wxMessageBox(_(e.GetMessage()), 
                 _("Something Went Wrong!"),
                 wxOK | wxICON_INFORMATION, this);;
}

ValidateData() 方法


void Time::ValidateData()
{
    int startHours, startMins, endHours, endMins;

    startHours = startTime / MINUTES_TO_HOURS;
    startMins = startTime % MINUTES_TO_HOURS;
    endHours = endTime / MINUTES_TO_HOURS;
    endMins = endTime % MINUTES_TO_HOURS;

    if (!(startHours <= HOURS_MAX && startHours >= HOURS_MIN))
        throw new HourOutOfRangeException("Beginning Time Hour Out of Range!");
    if (!(endHours <= HOURS_MAX && endHours >= HOURS_MIN))
        throw new HourOutOfRangeException("Ending Time Hour Out of Range!");
    if (!(startMins <= MINUTE_MAX && startMins >= MINUTE_MIN))
        throw new MinuteOutOfRangeException("Starting Time Minute Out of    Range!");
    if (!(endMins <= MINUTE_MAX && endMins >= MINUTE_MIN))
        throw new MinuteOutOfRangeException("Ending Time Minute Out of Range!");
    if(!(timeDifference <= P_MAX && timeDifference >= P_MIN))
        throw new PercentageOutOfRangeException("Percentage Change Out of Range!");
    if (!(startTime < endTime))
        throw new StartEndException("Start Time Cannot Be Less Than End Time!");
}

只是我的自定义异常类之一,其他与此具有相同的结构


class HourOutOfRangeException
{
public:
        // param constructor
        // initializes message to passed paramater
        // preconditions - param will be a string
        // postconditions - message will be initialized
        // params a string
        // no return type
        HourOutOfRangeException(string pMessage) : message(pMessage) {}
        // GetMessage is getter for var message
        // params none
        // preconditions - none
        // postconditions - none
        // returns string
        string GetMessage() { return message; }
        // destructor
        ~HourOutOfRangeException() {}
private:
        string message;
};

如果您有多个异常类型,并且假设存在异常层次结构(并且所有异常都是从std::exception某个子类公开派生的),则从最具体的开始并继续更一般:

try
{
    // throws something
}
catch ( const MostSpecificException& e )
{
    // handle custom exception
}
catch ( const LessSpecificException& e )
{
    // handle custom exception
}
catch ( const std::exception& e )
{
    // standard exceptions
}
catch ( ... )
{
    // everything else
}

另一方面,如果您只对错误消息感兴趣 - throw相同的异常,请说std::runtime_error包含不同的消息,然后catch

try
{
    // code throws some subclass of std::exception
}
catch ( const std::exception& e )
{
    std::cerr << "ERROR: " << e.what() << std::endl;
}

还要记住 - 按值抛出,按[const]引用捕获。

您应该创建一个基本异常类,并从中获取所有特定异常:

class BaseException { };
class HourOutOfRangeException : public BaseException { };
class MinuteOutOfRangeException : public BaseException { };

然后,您可以在一个catch块中捕获所有这些:

catch (const BaseException& e) { }

如果您希望能够调用GetMessage ,则需要:

  • 将该逻辑放入BaseException ,或
  • 使GetMessage成为BaseException的虚拟成员函数,并在每个派生的异常类中覆盖它。

您可能还会考虑将异常派生自标准库异常之一,例如std::runtime_error并使用惯用的what()成员函数而不是GetMessage()

从具有虚方法GetMessage()的公共基类BaseException派生所有异常。

然后catch(const BaseException& e)

我今天遇到了类似的问题,但事实证明我不需要我的解决方案来解决我的问题。 老实说,我想不出真正的用例(日志?),我在我的代码中没有找到太多用处。

无论如何,这是一种带有类型列表的方法(需要C ++ 11)。 我认为这种方法的优点是不需要为自定义异常提供公共基类(除了std :: exception,可能?)。 换句话说,它不会侵扰您的异常层次结构。

可能会有一些我不知道的微妙错误。

#include <type_traits>
#include <exception>

/// Helper class to handle multiple specific exception types
/// in cases when inheritance based approach would catch exceptions
/// that are not meant to be caught.
///
/// If the body of exception handling code is the same
/// for several exceptions,
/// these exceptions can be joined into one catch.
///
/// Only message data of the caught exception is provided.
///
/// @tparam T  Exception types.
/// @tparam Ts  At least one more exception type is required.
template <class T, class... Ts>
class MultiCatch;

/// Terminal case that holds the message.
/// ``void`` needs to be given as terminal explicitly.
template <>
class MultiCatch<void> {
 protected:
  explicit MultiCatch(const char* err_msg) : msg(err_msg) {}
  const char* msg;
};

template <class T, class... Ts>
class MultiCatch : public MultiCatch<Ts...> {
  static_assert(std::is_base_of<std::exception, T>::value, "Not an exception");

 public:
  using MultiCatch<Ts...>::MultiCatch;

  /// Implicit conversion from the guest exception.
  MultiCatch(const T& error) : MultiCatch<Ts...>(error.what()) {}  // NOLINT

  /// @returns The message of the original exception.
  const char* what() const noexcept {
    return MultiCatch<void>::msg;
  }
};

/// To avoid explicit ``void`` in the type list.
template <class... Ts>
using OneOf = MultiCatch<Ts..., void>;

/// Contrived example.
void foo() {
  try {
    bar();  // May throw three or more sibling or unrelated exceptions.
  } catch (const OneOf<IOError, OutOfMemory>& err) {
    log() << "External failure: " << err.what();

    throw;  // Throw the original exception.
  }
}

当模板不能时,宏保存一天。 解决方案来自Boost 它可以归结为7行代码。

/// @file multicatch.hpp
#include <boost/preprocessor/variadic/to_list.hpp>
#include <boost/preprocessor/list/for_each.hpp>

/// Callers must define CATCH_BODY(err) to handle the error,
/// they can redefine the CATCH itself, but it is not as convenient. 
#define CATCH(R, _, T) \
  catch (T & err) {    \
    CATCH_BODY(err)    \
  }
/// Generates catches for multiple exception types
/// with the same error handling body.
#define MULTICATCH(...) \
  BOOST_PP_LIST_FOR_EACH(CATCH, _, BOOST_PP_VARIADIC_TO_LIST(__VA_ARGS__))
// end of file multicatch.hpp

/// @file app.cc
#include "multicatch.hpp"

// Contrived example.
/// Supply the error handling logic.
#define CATCH_BODY(err)                        \
  log() << "External failure: " << err.what(); \
  throw;

void foo() {
  try {
    bar();  // May throw three or more sibling or unrelated exceptions.
  }
  MULTICATCH(IOError, OutOfMemory)
}

#undef CATCH_BODY

我遇到了同样的问题,这就是我最终的结果:

  std::shared_ptr<MappedImage> MappedImage::get(const std::string & image_dir,
                                                const std::string & name,
                                                const Packet::Checksum & checksum) {
    try {
      return std::shared_ptr<MappedImage>(images_.at(checksum));
    } catch (std::out_of_range) {
    } catch (std::bad_weak_ptr) {
    }
    std::shared_ptr<MappedImage> img =
      std::make_shared<MappedImage>(image_dir, name, checksum);
    images_[checksum_] = img;
    return img;
  }

在我的情况下,函数在没有异常时返回。 所以我实际上不需要在catch中做任何事情,但可以在try之外完成工作。

当您无法控制异常的类层次结构并且无法复制 catch 块的内容时,解决此问题的另一种方法是使用dynamic_cast像这样:

try
{
   ...
}
catch (std::exception& e)
{
    if(   nullptr == dynamic_cast<exception_type_1*> (&e)
       && nullptr == dynamic_cast<exception_type_2*> (&e))
    {
        throw;
    }
    // here you process the expected exception types
}

#include <iostream> void test(int x)` { try{ if(x==1) throw (1); else if(x==2) throw (2.0); } catch(int a) { cout<<"It's Integer"; } catch(double b) { cout<<"it's Double"; } } int main(){ cout<<" x=1"; test(1); cout<<"X=2"; test(2.0); return 0; }`

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