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在Haskell中为左关联树实现`read`

[英]Implementing `read` for a left-associative tree in Haskell

我很难为树结构实现Read 我想采用像ABC(DE)F这样的左关联字符串(带有parens)并将其转换为树。 该特定示例对应于树

树

这是我正在使用的数据类型(虽然我愿意接受建议):

data Tree = Branch Tree Tree | Leaf Char deriving (Eq)

那个特定的树将在Haskell中:

example = Branch (Branch (Branch (Branch (Leaf 'A')
                                         (Leaf 'B'))
                                 (Leaf 'C'))
                         (Branch (Leaf 'D')
                                 (Leaf 'E')))
                 (Leaf 'F')

我的show函数看起来像:

instance Show Tree where
    show (Branch l r@(Branch _ _)) = show l ++ "(" ++ show r ++ ")"
    show (Branch l r) = show l ++ show r
    show (Leaf x) = [x]

我想制作一个read功能

read "ABC(DE)F" == example

在这种情况下,使用解析库会使代码非常短且极具表现力。 (我很惊讶,这是如此整洁,当我尝试回答这个!)

我将使用Parsec (该文章提供一些链接以获取更多信息),并在“应用模式”(而不是monadic)中使用它,因为我们不需要monad的额外功率/足部射击能力。

首先是各种进口和定义:

import Text.Parsec

import Control.Applicative ((<*), (<$>))

data Tree = Branch Tree Tree | Leaf Char deriving (Eq, Show)

paren, tree, unit :: Parsec String st Tree

现在,树的基本单元是单个字符(不是括号)或带括号的树。 带括号的树只是()之间的普通树。 而正常的树只是左边相关的分支单元(它非常自我递归)。 在Haskell与Parsec:

-- parenthesised tree or `Leaf <character>`
unit = paren <|> (Leaf <$> noneOf "()") <?> "group or literal"

-- normal tree between ( and )
paren = between (char '(') (char ')') tree  

-- all the units connected up left-associatedly
tree = foldl1 Branch <$> many1 unit

-- attempt to parse the whole input (don't short-circuit on the first error)
onlyTree = tree <* eof

(是的,那就是整个解析器!)

如果我们想要,我们可以没有parenunit但上面的代码非常具有表现力,所以我们可以保持原样。

作为简要说明(我提供了文档的链接):

  • (<|>)基本上是指“左解析器或右解析器”;
  • (<?>)允许您制作更好的错误消息;
  • noneOf将解析不在给定字符列表中的任何内容;
  • between需要三个解析器,并且只要它是由所述第一和第二个分隔返回第三个分析器的值;
  • char从字面上解析其论点。
  • many1将一个或多个参数解析为一个列表(似乎空字符串无效,因此many1 ,而不是many解析零或更多);
  • eof匹配输入的结尾。

我们可以使用parse函数来运行解析器(它返回Either ParseError TreeLeft是一个错误, Right是一个正确的解析)。

正如read

使用它作为read功能可能是这样的:

read' str = case parse onlyTree "" str of
   Right tr -> tr
   Left er -> error (show er)

(我使用read'来避免与Prelude.read发生冲突;如果你想要一个Read实例,你将需要做更多的工作来实现readPrec (或者任何需要的东西)但是它不应该太难了实际解析已经完成。)

例子

一些基本的例子:

*Tree> read' "A"
Leaf 'A'

*Tree> read' "AB"
Branch (Leaf 'A') (Leaf 'B')

*Tree> read' "ABC"
Branch (Branch (Leaf 'A') (Leaf 'B')) (Leaf 'C')

*Tree> read' "A(BC)"
Branch (Leaf 'A') (Branch (Leaf 'B') (Leaf 'C'))

*Tree> read' "ABC(DE)F" == example
True

*Tree> read' "ABC(DEF)" == example
False

*Tree> read' "ABCDEF" == example
False

证明错误:

*Tree> read' ""
***Exception: (line 1, column 1):
unexpected end of input
expecting group or literal

*Tree> read' "A(B"
***Exception: (line 1, column 4):
unexpected end of input
expecting group or literal or ")"

最后, treeonlyTree之间的区别:

*Tree> parse tree "" "AB)CD"     -- success: ignores ")CD"
Right (Branch (Leaf 'A') (Leaf 'B'))

*Tree> parse onlyTree "" "AB)CD" -- fail: can't parse the ")"
Left (line 1, column 3):
unexpected ')'
expecting group or literal or end of input

结论

Parsec太神​​奇了! 这个答案可能很长,但它的核心只有5或6行代码完成所有工作。

这非常像堆栈结构。 当你遇到你的输入字符串"ABC(DE)F" ,你Leaf你找到(非括号),并把它放在一个蓄能器列表中的任何原子。 如果列表中有2个项目,则将它们Branch在一起。 这可以用类似的东西来完成(注意,未经测试,仅包括给出一个想法):

read' [r,l] str  = read' [Branch l r] str
read' acc (c:cs) 
   -- read the inner parenthesis
   | c == '('  = let (result, rest) = read' [] cs 
                 in read' (result : acc) rest
   -- close parenthesis, return result, should be singleton
   | c == ')'  = (acc, cs) 
   -- otherwise, add a leaf
   | otherwise = read' (Leaf c : acc) cs
read' [result] [] = (result, [])
read' _ _  = error "invalid input"

这可能需要一些修改,但我认为它足以让你走上正轨。

dbaupp的parsec答案很容易理解。 作为“低级”方法的示例,这里是一个手写解析器,它使用成功延续来处理左关联树构建:

instance Read Tree where readsPrec _prec s = maybeToList (readTree s)

type TreeCont = (Tree,String) -> Maybe (Tree,String)

readTree :: String -> Maybe (Tree,String)
readTree = read'top Just where
  valid ')' = False
  valid '(' = False
  valid _ = True

  read'top :: TreeCont -> String -> Maybe (Tree,String)
  read'top acc s@(x:ys) | valid x =
    case ys of
      [] -> acc (Leaf x,[])
      (y:zs) -> read'branch acc s
  read'top _ _ = Nothing

  -- The next three are mutually recursive

  read'branch :: TreeCont -> String -> Maybe (Tree,String)
  read'branch acc (x:y:zs) | valid x = read'right (combine (Leaf x) >=> acc) y zs
  read'branch _ _ = Nothing

  read'right :: TreeCont -> Char -> String -> Maybe (Tree,String)
  read'right acc y ys | valid y = acc (Leaf y,ys)
  read'right acc '(' ys = read'branch (drop'close >=> acc) ys
     where drop'close (b,')':zs) = Just (b,zs)
           drop'close _ = Nothing
  read'right _ _ _ = Nothing  -- assert y==')' here

  combine :: Tree -> TreeCont
  combine build (t, []) = Just (Branch build t,"")
  combine build (t, ys@(')':_)) = Just (Branch build t,ys)  -- stop when lookahead shows ')'
  combine build (t, y:zs) = read'right (combine (Branch build t)) y zs

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