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生成具有非均勻分布的隨機整數數組

[英]Generate an array of random integers with non-uniform distribution

我想編寫Java代碼以產生范圍為[1,4]的隨機整數數組。 數組的長度為N,在運行時提供。 問題是范圍[1,4]分布不均勻:

在此處輸入圖片說明

這意味着,如果我創建N = 100的數組,則數字“ 1”將平均出現在數組中40次,數字“ 2”出現10次,依此類推。

現在,我正在使用此代碼來生成范圍為[1,4]的均勻分布的隨機數:

public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int N;
        System.out.println();
        System.out.print("Enter an integer number: ");
        N = input.nextInt();
        int[] a = new int[N];
        Random generator = new Random();
        for(int i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
        {
            a[i] = generator.nextInt(4)+1;
        }
    }

如何使用上圖所示的非均勻分布來實現它?

從您的代碼開始,這是一種實現方法:

public static void main(String[] args){
    int N;
    System.out.println();
    System.out.print("Enter an integer number: ");
    N = input.nextInt();
    int[] a = new int[N];
    Random generator = new Random();
    for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
        float n = generator.nextFloat();
        if (n <= 0.4) {
            a[i] = 1;
        } else if (n <= 0.7) {
            a[i] = 3;
        } else if (n <= 0.9) {
            a[i] = 4;
        } else {
            a[i] = 2;
        }
    }
}

更新:根據@pjs的建議,以降序排列順序選擇數字,因此您傾向於更早退出if塊

另一個簡單的解決方案是使用nextDouble()在[0,1)中生成一個隨機雙精度數。 如果值<.4,請選擇1,否則,如果<(.4 + .2),請選擇2,依此類推,最后一個分支始終選擇最后一個選擇。 使用for循環很容易將其概括。

對於更通用的方法,可以使用分布概率填充NavigableMap

double[] probs = {0.4, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3};
NavigableMap<Double, Integer> distribution = new TreeMap<Double, Integer>();
for(double p : probs) {
    distribution.put(distribution.isEmpty() ? p : distribution.lastKey() + p, distribution.size() + 1);
}

然后使用均勻分布的[0,1>]范圍內的隨機密鑰查詢地圖:

Random rnd = new Random();
for(int i=0; i<20; i++) {
    System.out.println(distribution.ceilingEntry(rnd.nextDouble()).getValue());
}

這將使用以下鍵/值對填充地圖:

0.4 -> 1
0.5 -> 2
0.7 -> 3
1.0 -> 4

要查詢地圖,首先要生成一個范圍為0到1的均勻分布的double。使用ceilingEntry方法查詢地圖並傳遞隨機數將返回“與大於或等於給定鍵的最小鍵關聯的映射”。 ,因此,例如,傳遞范圍<0.4,0.5]中的值將返回映射0.5 -> 2的條目。 因此,在返回的地圖條目上使用getValue()將返回2。

a1, a2, a3a4為指定相對概率的雙精度數,並且s = a1+a2+a3+a4這意味着1的概率為a1/s2的概率為a2/s ,...

然后使用generator.nextDouble()創建一個隨機double d。

如果0 <= d < a1/s則整數應為1

如果a1/s <= d < (a1+a2)/s則整數應為2

如果(a1+a2)/s <= d < (a1+a2+a3)/s則整數應為3

如果(a1+a2+a3)/s <= d < 1則整數應為4

Miquel的版本(以及Teresa的建議)的擴展性稍強:

    double[] distro=new double[]{.4,.1,.3,.2};        
    int N;
    System.out.println();
    System.out.print("Enter an integer number: ");
    Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
    N = input.nextInt();
    int[] a = new int[N];
    Random generator = new Random();
    outer:
    for(int i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
    {
        double rand=generator.nextDouble();
        double val=0;
        for(int j=1;j<distro.length;j++){
            val+=distro[j-1];
            if(rand<val){
                a[i]=j;
                continue outer;
            }
        }
        a[i]=distro.length;
    }

對於您上面給出的特定問題,其他人提供的解決方案效果很好,而別名方法可能會顯得過大。 但是,您在評論中說,您實際上將在范圍更大的發行版中使用它。 在那種情況下,建立別名表的開銷對於實際生成值的O(1)行為可能是值得的。

這是Java的源代碼。 如果您不想使用Mersenne Twister,可以很容易地將其恢復為使用Java的Random

/*
 * Created on Mar 12, 2007
 *    Feb 13, 2011: Updated to use Mersenne Twister - pjs
 */
package edu.nps.or.simutils;

import java.lang.IllegalArgumentException;
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.Stack;
import java.util.PriorityQueue;
import java.util.Random;

import net.goui.util.MTRandom;

public class AliasTable<V> {
   private static Random r = new MTRandom();
   private static DecimalFormat df2 = new DecimalFormat(" 0.00;-0.00");

   private V[] primary;
   private V[] alias;
   private double[] primaryP;
   private double[] primaryPgivenCol;

   private static boolean notCloseEnough(double target, double value) {
      return Math.abs(target - value) > 1E-10;
   }

   /**
    * Constructs the AliasTable given the set of values
    * and corresponding probabilities.
    * @param value
    *   An array of the set of outcome values for the distribution. 
    * @param pOfValue
    *   An array of corresponding probabilities for each outcome.
    * @throws IllegalArgumentException
    *   The values and probability arrays must be of the same length,
    *   the probabilities must all be positive, and they must sum to one.
    */
   public AliasTable(V[] value, double[] pOfValue) {
      super();      
      if (value.length != pOfValue.length) {
         throw new IllegalArgumentException(
               "Args to AliasTable must be vectors of the same length.");
      }
      double total = 0.0;
      for (double d : pOfValue) {
         if (d < 0) {
            throw new
               IllegalArgumentException("p_values must all be positive.");
         }
         total += d;
      }
      if (notCloseEnough(1.0, total)) {
         throw new IllegalArgumentException("p_values must sum to 1.0");
      }

      // Done with the safety checks, now let's do the work...

      // Cloning the values prevents people from changing outcomes
      // after the fact.
      primary = value.clone();
      alias = value.clone();
      primaryP = pOfValue.clone();
      primaryPgivenCol = new double[primary.length];
      for (int i = 0; i < primaryPgivenCol.length; ++i) {
         primaryPgivenCol[i] = 1.0;
      }
      double equiProb = 1.0 / primary.length;

      /*
       * Internal classes are UGLY!!!!
       * We're what you call experts.  Don't try this at home!
       */
      class pComparator implements Comparator<Integer> {
         public int compare(Integer i1, Integer i2) {
            return primaryP[i1] < primaryP[i2] ? -1 : 1;
         }
      }

      PriorityQueue<Integer> deficitSet =
         new PriorityQueue<Integer>(primary.length, new pComparator());
      Stack<Integer> surplusSet = new Stack<Integer>();

      // initial allocation of values to deficit/surplus sets
      for (int i = 0; i < primary.length; ++i) {
         if (notCloseEnough(equiProb, primaryP[i])) {
            if (primaryP[i] < equiProb) {
               deficitSet.add(i);
            } else {
               surplusSet.add(i);
            }
         }
      }

      /*
       * Pull the largest deficit element from what remains.  Grab as
       * much probability as you need from a surplus element.  Re-allocate
       * the surplus element based on the amount of probability taken from
       * it to the deficit, surplus, or completed set.
       * 
       * Lather, rinse, repeat.
       */
      while (!deficitSet.isEmpty()) {
         int deficitColumn = deficitSet.poll();
         int surplusColumn = surplusSet.pop();
         primaryPgivenCol[deficitColumn] = primaryP[deficitColumn] / equiProb;
         alias[deficitColumn] = primary[surplusColumn];
         primaryP[surplusColumn] -= equiProb - primaryP[deficitColumn];
         if (notCloseEnough(equiProb, primaryP[surplusColumn])) {
            if (primaryP[surplusColumn] < equiProb) {
               deficitSet.add(surplusColumn);
            } else {
               surplusSet.add(surplusColumn);
            }
         }
      }
   }

   /**
    * Generate a value from the input distribution.  The alias table
    * does this in O(1) time, regardless of the number of elements in
    * the distribution.
    * @return
    *   A value from the specified distribution.
    */
   public V generate() {
      int column = (int) (primary.length * r.nextDouble());
      return r.nextDouble() <= primaryPgivenCol[column] ?
                  primary[column] : alias[column];
   }

   public void printAliasTable() {
      System.err.println("Primary\t\tprimaryPgivenCol\tAlias");
      for(int i = 0; i < primary.length; ++i) {
         System.err.println(primary[i] + "\t\t\t"
            + df2.format(primaryPgivenCol[i]) + "\t\t" + alias[i]);
      }
      System.err.println();
   }
}

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