Django多對多和管理員

Question

我有一個django ap，它有一個相當復雜的模型設置。 我最終使用多級合成來創建分層模型。 所有的關系是一對一的，所以我可以使用繼承，但我選擇不這樣做，我將從我的模型的對象組成中受益，這意味着我可以做類似的事情

product.outerframe.top.cost

這使得我必須進行復雜的計算，組織得更好。

但是，這種模式安排使得使用django admin很棘手。 我基本上有一個直通表，即外框表只是一堆外鍵到其他表（每個表都有唯一約束）。 我最終了解了ModelAdmin的add_view（）和change_view（）方法，這非常困難。

使用django管理員時，是否有更簡單的方法來處理多對多/通過表格？

表格的排列方式如下：

產品>外框，內框，玻璃，其他

外框>頂部，底部，側面等

內框架>頂部，底部，側面等

玻璃>玻璃等

其他>配件等

這是我的模特：

class Product(mixins.ProductVariables):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
    sku = models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True, db_index=True)
    image = thumbnail.ImageField(upload_to='product_images', blank=True)
    description = models.TextField(blank=True)
    group = models.ForeignKey('ProductGroup', related_name='products', null=True)
    hidden = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    product_specific_mark_up = models.DecimalField(default=1.0, max_digits=5,decimal_places=2)

    # Methods for totals
    def total_material_cost(self, width, height, options):
        return sum([
            self.outerframe.cost(width, height, options),
            self.innerframe.cost(width, height, options),
            self.glass.cost(width, height, options),
            self.other.cost(width, height, options),
        ])

    def total_labour_time(self, width, height, options):
        return sum([
            self.outerframe.labour_time(width, height, options),
            self.innerframe.labour_time(width, height, options),
            self.glass.labour_time(width, height, options),
            self.other.labour_time(width, height, options),
        ])

    def total_co2_output(self, width, height, options):
        return sum([
            self.outerframe.co2_output(width, height, options),
            self.innerframe.co2_output(width, height, options),
            self.glass.co2_output(width, height, options),
            self.other.co2_output(width, height, options),
        ])

    @property
    def max_overall_width(self):
        return 1000

    @property
    def max_overall_height(self):
        return 1000

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.name


class OuterFrame(models.Model, mixins.GetFieldsMixin, mixins.GetRelatedClassesMixin):
    top = models.OneToOneField(mixins.TopFrame)
    bottom = models.OneToOneField(mixins.BottomFrame)
    side = models.OneToOneField(mixins.SideFrame)
    accessories = models.OneToOneField(mixins.Accessories)
    flashing = models.OneToOneField(mixins.Flashing)
    silicone = models.OneToOneField(mixins.Silicone)

    product = models.OneToOneField(Product)

    def cost(self, width, height, options):
        #accessories_cost = (self.accessories.cost if options['accessories'] else 0)
        #flashing_cost = (self.flashing.cost if options['flashing'] else 0)
        #silicone_cost = (self.silicone.cost if options['silicone'] else 0)
        return sum([
            self.top.cost * (width / 1000),
            self.bottom.cost * (width / 1000),
            self.side.cost * (width*2 / 1000),
            #accessories_cost,
            #flashing_cost,
            #silicone_cost,
        ])

    def labour_time(self, width, height, options):
        return datetime.timedelta(minutes=100)

    def CO2_output(self, width, height, options):
        return 100 # some kg measurement

    @classmethod
    def get_fields(cls):
        options = cls._meta
        fields = {}
        for field in options.fields:
            if field.name == 'product':
                continue
            if isinstance(field, models.OneToOneField):
                related_cls = field.rel.to
                related_fields = fields_for_model(related_cls, fields=related_cls.get_fields())
                fields.update( { related_cls.__name__ + '_' + name:field for name, field in related_fields.iteritems() })
        return fields



class InnerFrame(models.Model, mixins.GetFieldsMixin, mixins.GetRelatedClassesMixin):
    top = models.OneToOneField(mixins.TopFrame)
    bottom = models.OneToOneField(mixins.BottomFrame)
    side = models.OneToOneField(mixins.SideFrame)
    accessories = models.OneToOneField(mixins.Accessories)

    product = models.OneToOneField(Product)

    def cost(self, width, height, options):
        #accessories_cost = (self.accessories.cost if options['accessories'] else 0)
        print self.top.cost
        return sum([
            self.top.cost * (width / 1000),
            self.bottom.cost * (width / 1000),
            self.side.cost * (width*2 / 1000),
        #    accessories_cost,
        ])

    def labour_time(self, width, height, options):
        return datetime.timedelta(minutes=100)

    def CO2_output(self, width, height, options):
        return 100 # some kg measurement

class Glass(models.Model, mixins.GetRelatedClassesMixin):
    glass_type_a = models.OneToOneField(mixins.GlassTypeA)
    glass_type_b = models.OneToOneField(mixins.GlassTypeB)
    enhanced = models.OneToOneField(mixins.Enhanced)
    laminate = models.OneToOneField(mixins.Laminate)
    low_iron = models.OneToOneField(mixins.LowIron)
    privacy = models.OneToOneField(mixins.Privacy)
    anti_slip = models.OneToOneField(mixins.AntiSlip)
    heat_film_mirror = models.OneToOneField(mixins.HeatMirrorField)
    posished_edges = models.OneToOneField(mixins.PolishedEdges)

    product = models.OneToOneField(Product)

    def cost(self, width, height, options):
        return sum([
        ])

    def labour_time(self, width, height, options):
        return datetime.timedelta(minutes=100)

    def CO2_output(self, width, height, options):
        return 100 # some kg measurement

class Other(models.Model, mixins.GetRelatedClassesMixin):
    num_packages = models.OneToOneField(mixins.NumberPackages)

    product = models.OneToOneField(Product)

    def cost(self, width, height, options):
        return 100

    def labour_time(self, width, height, options):
        return datetime.timedelta(minutes=100)

    def CO2_output(self, width, height, options):
        return 100 # some kg measurement

混入：

class TimeCostMixin(models.Model, GetFieldsMixin):
    cost = models.DecimalField(default=0.0, max_digits=10, decimal_places=2)
    time = models.TimeField(default=datetime.timedelta(0))
    class Meta:
        abstract = True

##### Frame #####
class FrameComponentMixin(TimeCostMixin):
    external_width = models.IntegerField(default=0)
    material_weight = models.DecimalField(default=0.0, max_digits=10,decimal_places=2)
    u_value = models.DecimalField(default=0.0, max_digits=10,decimal_places=2)
    class Meta:
        abstract = True


class TopFrame(FrameComponentMixin):
    pass


class BottomFrame(FrameComponentMixin):
    pass


class SideFrame(FrameComponentMixin):
    pass


class Accessories(TimeCostMixin):
    material_weight = models.DecimalField(default=0.0,max_digits=10,decimal_places=2)


class Flashing(TimeCostMixin):
    pass


class Silicone(TimeCostMixin):
    labour_time = models.DecimalField(default=0.0, max_digits=10,decimal_places=2)
#################

##### Glass #####
class GlassTypeA(TimeCostMixin):
    material_weight = models.DecimalField(default=0.0, max_digits=10,decimal_places=2)
    u_value = models.DecimalField(default=0.0, max_digits=10,decimal_places=2)

class GlassTypeB(TimeCostMixin):
    material_weight = models.DecimalField(default=0.0, max_digits=10,decimal_places=2)
    u_value = models.DecimalField(default=0.0, max_digits=10,decimal_places=2)

class Enhanced(TimeCostMixin):
    material_weight = models.DecimalField(default=0.0, max_digits=10,decimal_places=2)

class Laminate(TimeCostMixin):
    material_weight = models.DecimalField(default=0.0, max_digits=10,decimal_places=2)

class LowIron(TimeCostMixin):
    pass

class Privacy(TimeCostMixin):
    pass

class AntiSlip(TimeCostMixin):
    pass

class HeatMirrorField(TimeCostMixin):
    u_value = models.DecimalField(default=0.0, max_digits=10,decimal_places=2)

class PolishedEdges(models.Model):
    cost = models.DecimalField(default=0.0, max_digits=10, decimal_places=2)
##################

##### other  #####
class NumberPackages(models.Model):
    number_of_packages = models.IntegerField(default=0)
##################

還有一個拉頭管理員！

class ProductAdmin(AdminImageMixin, admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = [ProductDownloadInline, ProductConfigurationInline]

    add_form_template = 'admin/products/add_form.html'
    change_form_template = 'admin/products/add_form.html'


    @csrf_protect_m
    @transaction.atomic
    def add_view(self, request, form_url='', extra_context=None):
        extra_context = extra_context or {}

        "The 'add' admin view for this model."
        model = self.model
        opts = model._meta

        if not self.has_add_permission(request):
            raise PermissionDenied

        ModelForm = self.get_form(request)
        formsets = []
        inline_instances = self.get_inline_instances(request, None)
        if request.method == 'POST':
            form = ModelForm(request.POST, request.FILES)
            if form.is_valid():
                new_object = self.save_form(request, form, change=False)
                form_validated = True
            else:
                form_validated = False
                new_object = self.model()
            prefixes = {}
            for FormSet, inline in zip(self.get_formsets(request), inline_instances):
                prefix = FormSet.get_default_prefix()
                prefixes[prefix] = prefixes.get(prefix, 0) + 1
                if prefixes[prefix] != 1 or not prefix:
                    prefix = "%s-%s" % (prefix, prefixes[prefix])
                formset = FormSet(data=request.POST, files=request.FILES,
                                  instance=new_object,
                                  save_as_new="_saveasnew" in request.POST,
                                  prefix=prefix, queryset=inline.get_queryset(request))
                formsets.append(formset)

            #####
            outer_frame_forms = [
                modelform_factory(cls)(request.POST, prefix='OuterFrame_'+cls.__name__)
                for cls in models.OuterFrame.get_related_classes(exclude=['product'])
            ]
            inner_frame_forms = [
                modelform_factory(cls)(request.POST, prefix='InnerFrame'+cls.__name__)
                for cls in models.InnerFrame.get_related_classes(exclude=['product'])
            ]
            glass_forms = [
                modelform_factory(cls)(request.POST, prefix='InnerFrame'+cls.__name__)
                for cls in models.Glass.get_related_classes(exclude=['product'])
            ]
            other_forms = [
                modelform_factory(cls)(request.POST, prefix='InnerFrame'+cls.__name__)
                for cls in models.Other.get_related_classes(exclude=['product'])
            ]
            #####

            if all_valid(formsets
                        +outer_frame_forms
                        +inner_frame_forms
                        +glass_forms
                        +other_forms
                        ) and form_validated:
                self.save_model(request, new_object, form, False)
                self.save_related(request, form, formsets, False)
                self.log_addition(request, new_object)

                ##### save object hierichy #####
                # inner frame
                inner_frame = models.InnerFrame()
                inner_frame.product = new_object
                mapping = {f.rel.to:f.name for f in models.InnerFrame._meta.fields if f.name not in ['id','product']}
                for f in inner_frame_forms:
                    obj = f.save()
                    setattr(inner_frame, mapping[obj.__class__], obj)
                inner_frame.save()
                # outer frame
                outer_frame = models.OuterFrame()
                outer_frame.product = new_object
                mapping = {f.rel.to:f.name for f in models.OuterFrame._meta.fields if f.name not in ['id','product']}
                for f in outer_frame_forms:
                    obj = f.save()
                    setattr(outer_frame, mapping[obj.__class__], obj)
                outer_frame.save()
                # glass
                glass = models.Glass()
                glass.product = new_object
                mapping = {f.rel.to:f.name for f in models.Glass._meta.fields if f.name not in ['id','product']}
                for f in glass_forms:
                    obj = f.save()
                    setattr(glass, mapping[obj.__class__], obj)
                glass.save()
                # other
                other = models.Other()
                other.product = new_object
                mapping = {f.rel.to:f.name for f in models.Other._meta.fields if f.name not in ['id','product']}
                for f in other_forms:
                    obj = f.save()
                    setattr(other, mapping[obj.__class__], obj)
                other.save()
                #################################

                return self.response_add(request, new_object)
        else:
            forms = SortedDict({})
            forms['Outer Frame Variables'] = {
                cls.__name__: modelform_factory(cls)(prefix='OuterFrame_'+cls.__name__)
                for cls in models.OuterFrame.get_related_classes(exclude=['product'])
            }
            forms['Inner Frame Variables'] = {
                cls.__name__: modelform_factory(cls)(prefix='InnerFrame'+cls.__name__)
                for cls in models.InnerFrame.get_related_classes(exclude=['product'])
            }
            forms['Glass Variables'] = {
                cls.__name__: modelform_factory(cls)(prefix='InnerFrame'+cls.__name__)
                for cls in models.Glass.get_related_classes(exclude=['product'])
            }
            forms['Other Variables'] = {
                cls.__name__: modelform_factory(cls)(prefix='InnerFrame'+cls.__name__)
                for cls in models.Other.get_related_classes(exclude=['product'])
            }
            extra_context['forms'] = forms

            # Prepare the dict of initial data from the request.
            # We have to special-case M2Ms as a list of comma-separated PKs.
            initial = dict(request.GET.items())
            for k in initial:
                try:
                    f = opts.get_field(k)
                except models.FieldDoesNotExist:
                    continue
                if isinstance(f, models.ManyToManyField):
                    initial[k] = initial[k].split(",")
            form = ModelForm(initial=initial)
            prefixes = {}
            for FormSet, inline in zip(self.get_formsets(request), inline_instances):
                prefix = FormSet.get_default_prefix()
                prefixes[prefix] = prefixes.get(prefix, 0) + 1
                if prefixes[prefix] != 1 or not prefix:
                    prefix = "%s-%s" % (prefix, prefixes[prefix])
                formset = FormSet(instance=self.model(), prefix=prefix,
                                  queryset=inline.get_queryset(request))
                formsets.append(formset)

        adminForm = helpers.AdminForm(form, list(self.get_fieldsets(request)),
            self.get_prepopulated_fields(request),
            self.get_readonly_fields(request),
            model_admin=self)
        media = self.media + adminForm.media

        inline_admin_formsets = []
        for inline, formset in zip(inline_instances, formsets):
            fieldsets = list(inline.get_fieldsets(request))
            readonly = list(inline.get_readonly_fields(request))
            prepopulated = dict(inline.get_prepopulated_fields(request))
            inline_admin_formset = helpers.InlineAdminFormSet(inline, formset,
                fieldsets, prepopulated, readonly, model_admin=self)
            inline_admin_formsets.append(inline_admin_formset)
            media = media + inline_admin_formset.media

        context = {
            'title': _('Add %s') % force_text(opts.verbose_name),
            'adminform': adminForm,
            'is_popup': IS_POPUP_VAR in request.REQUEST,
            'media': media,
            'inline_admin_formsets': inline_admin_formsets,
            'errors': helpers.AdminErrorList(form, formsets),
            'app_label': opts.app_label,
            'preserved_filters': self.get_preserved_filters(request),
        }
        context.update(extra_context or {})
        return self.render_change_form(request, context, form_url=form_url, add=True)

Answer 1

我沒有完全處理你冗長的add_view方法，但你的一般問題的答案只是“不”。 管理員沒有提供任何處理多層異構層次結構的好方法。 通過內聯很好地處理兩層層次結構，因此您可以輕松地進行處理，以便通過編輯任何一層中的對象，您可以方便地管理下一層中的相關對象; 但除此之外沒什么。

多年來一直打開票證 ，為管理員添加嵌套內聯支持，這將有助於處理這種情況。 但是有許多棘手的邊緣情況，並且很難使UI易於理解，因此補丁從未達到提交就緒狀態。

在某些時候，您的數據模型的復雜性超出了通用管理界面可以處理的良好可用性，並且您最好只編寫自己的自定義管理界面。 主要是管理員只是建立在ModelForms和InlineModelFormsets之上，所以它並不像你想象的那樣難以構建你自己的工作方式; 與嘗試大量定制管理員相比，它通常更容易（並且具有更好的結果）。

我還應該提一下，通過表可以使用admin inlines多對多（即使through表是隱式的，而不是它自己的模型類），因為如何訪問隱式創建的直通模型並不是很明顯：

class MyM2MInline(admin.TabularInline): model = SomeModel.m2m_field.through