Linker 在使用 Clang 編譯時無法在 64 位 Mint OS 下找到 32 位庫

Question

我剛剛在 64 位 Mint 操作系統（版本 17）上安裝了 Clang 3.5。 我正在嘗試以 32 位編譯我的程序，但是我遇到了問題。

我的主目錄中有一個名為test.cpp的文件，其中包含以下代碼：

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    std::cout << "Hello" << std::endl;
}

然后我運行以下命令：

$ clang++ -m32 -Wl,--verbose test.cpp | grep libgcc

我得到以下 output：

$ clang++ -m32 -Wl,--verbose test.cpp | grep libgcc
/usr/bin/ld: skipping incompatible /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/libstdc++.so when searching for -lstdc++
/usr/bin/ld: skipping incompatible /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/libstdc++.a when searching for -lstdc++
/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lstdc++
/usr/bin/ld: skipping incompatible /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/libgcc_s.so when searching for -lgcc_s
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/libgcc_s.so succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lgcc_s
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/../../../i386-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: skipping incompatible /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/libgcc.a when searching for -lgcc
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/../../../i386-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/../../../../lib32/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/../../../../lib32/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lgcc
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib32/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib32/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open /lib/../lib32/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open /lib/../lib32/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/../lib32/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/../lib32/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/../../lib32/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/../../lib32/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/../../../libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/../../../libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open /lib/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open /lib/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open /usr/i386-linux-gnu/lib32/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open /usr/i386-linux-gnu/lib32/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open /usr/x86_64-linux-gnu/lib32/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open /usr/x86_64-linux-gnu/lib32/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open //usr/local/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open //usr/local/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open //usr/local/lib32/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open //usr/local/lib32/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open //lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open //lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open //lib32/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open //lib32/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open //usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open //usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open //usr/lib32/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open //usr/lib32/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open //usr/local/lib/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open //usr/local/lib/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open //lib/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open //lib/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open //usr/lib/libgcc_s.so failed
attempt to open //usr/lib/libgcc_s.a failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/libgcc.a succeeded
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/../../../i386-linux-gnu/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/../../../i386-linux-gnu/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/../../../../lib32/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/../../../../lib32/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib32/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib32/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open /lib/../lib32/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /lib/../lib32/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/../lib32/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/../lib32/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/../../lib32/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/../../lib32/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/../../../libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/../../../libgcc.a failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /usr/bin/../lib/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open /lib/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /lib/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open /usr/i386-linux-gnu/lib32/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /usr/i386-linux-gnu/lib32/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open /usr/x86_64-linux-gnu/lib32/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /usr/x86_64-linux-gnu/lib32/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open //usr/local/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open //usr/local/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open //usr/local/lib32/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open //usr/local/lib32/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open //lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open //lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open //lib32/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open //lib32/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open //usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open //usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open //usr/lib32/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open //usr/lib32/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open //usr/local/lib/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open //usr/local/lib/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open //lib/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open //lib/libgcc.a failed
attempt to open //usr/lib/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open //usr/lib/libgcc.a failed
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)

我已經盡我所能完成了所有谷歌搜索和自我調查，我不確定為什么這個簡單的例子不起作用。 誰能幫我弄清楚我錯過了什么？

Answer 1

以下是使用clang進行交叉編譯時要確定的內容：

• 你安裝了32位（x86）C ++庫嗎？ （看來你有，但只是確定。）

• 嘗試使用--sysroot=<location of your 32-bit multilibs> 。 這將告訴clang在您告訴它的特定目錄中搜​​索bin ， lib和include目錄，而不是使用其（定義不明確的）硬編碼路徑。

• 嘗試使用-I和-L選項更具體地告訴clang你的include和lib目錄的位置。

• 最糟糕的情況，如果上述工作都沒有：嘗試使用-B <path>選項告訴clang具體使用哪個鏈接器。 嘗試將此選項與之前的選項結合使用。

有關更多細節，請參見http://clang.llvm.org/docs/CrossCompilation.html （盡管不包括-B選項）

Answer 2

您需要安裝multilib g ++ sudo apt-get install g++-multilib 。

g++-multilib還應該安裝所有其他必需的依賴項，例如libc6-i386 。

Answer 3

在 64 位機器上（例如 AMD64），您必須安裝 32 位庫等。 例如，在 Debian 10 (Buster) 上，這是：

sudo apt 安裝 libc6-i386 lib32gcc1 lib32gcc-8-dev gcc-8-multilib

在 Debian 11 (Bullseye) 上，這是：

sudo apt 安裝 libc6-i386 lib32gcc-10-dev gcc-10-multilib

（對於C++，分別添加g++-8-multilib或g++-10-multilib）

安裝完成后，您會在 /lib32 和 /usr/lib32 中獲得新的 32 位庫。 此外，在 /etc/ld.so.conf.d 中你會發現新的配置（/sbin/ldconfig 由 apt 安裝自動執行）。

在 Debian Buster 上，我可以輕松地使用 gcc 和 -m32 開關 (gcc-8.3.0) 進行編譯。 在 Debian Bullseye (gcc-10.2.0) 上，僅使用 -m32 的 gcc 讓我很難過。

32 位可執行文件的 gcc 的正確執行是在 Bullseye 上：

gcc -m32 -Wl,--rpath-link,/usr/lib32 -L/usr/lib32 -nodefaultlibs -nostdlib -o /usr/lib32/crti.o /usr/lib32/crt1.o /usr/lib32/crtn .o -lc -lgcc_s <一個或多個 C 文件>