[英]What are the uses of the '<<' operator in ruby
我有這個示例代碼,從本質上來說,這只是用於mdii文件的一些基本類。
class Array
def to_midi(file, note_length='eighth')
midi_max = 108.0
midi_min = 21.0
low, high = min, max
song = MIDI::Sequence.new
# Create a new track to hold the melody, running at 120 beats per minute.
song.tracks << (melody = MIDI::Track.new(song))
melody.events << MIDI::Tempo.new(MIDI::Tempo.bpm_to_mpq(120))
# Tell channel zero to use the "piano" sound.
melody.events << MIDI::ProgramChange.new(0, 0)
# Create a series of note events that play on channel zero.
each do |number|
midi_note = (midi_min + ((number-midi_min) * (midi_max-low)/high)).to_i
melody.events << MIDI::NoteOnEvent.new(0, midi_note, 127, 0)
melody.events << MIDI::NoteOffEvent.new(0, midi_note, 127,
song.note_to_delta(note_length))
end
open(file, 'w') { |f| song.write(f) }
end
end
class TimedTrack < MIDI::Track
MIDDLE_C = 60
@@channel_counter=0
def initialize(number, song)
super(number)
@sequence = song
@time = 0
@channel = @@channel_counter
@@channel_counter += 1
end
# Tell this track's channel to use the given instrument, and
# also set the track's instrument display name.
def instrument=(instrument)
@events << MIDI::ProgramChange.new(@channel, instrument)
super(MIDI::GM_PATCH_NAMES[instrument])
end
# Add one or more notes to sound simultaneously. Increments the per-track
# timer so that subsequent notes will sound after this one finishes.
def add_notes(offsets, velocity=127, duration='quarter')
offsets = [offsets] unless offsets.respond_to? :each
offsets.each do |offset|
event(MIDI::NoteOnEvent.new(@channel, MIDDLE_C + offset, velocity))
end
@time += @sequence.note_to_delta(duration)
offsets.each do |offset|
event(MIDI::NoteOffEvent.new(@channel, MIDDLE_C + offset, velocity))
end
recalc_delta_from_times
end
# Uses add_notes to sound a chord (a major triad in root position), using the
# given note as the low note. Like add_notes, increments the per-track timer.
def add_major_triad(low_note, velocity=127, duration='quarter')
add_notes([0, 4, 7].collect { |x| x + low_note }, velocity, duration)
end
private
def event(event)
@events << event
event.time_from_start = @time
end
end
除了使用<<
運算符的行外,大多數代碼對我來說都是完全有意義的,根據我的所有研究,使用<<
的唯一原因是在您定義一個單例類時。 那么在此代碼中使用<<
具體方式是什么?
從https://github.com/jimm/midilib :
MIDI::Track
是包含事件數組的軌道。
因此,通過<<
將事件添加到軌道中。 它與melody.events.push(MIDI::NoteOnEvent.new(0, midi_note, 127, 0))
<<
也可用於移位操作
http://calleerlandsson.com/2014/02/06/rubys-bitwise-operators/
<<
運算符既可以用於按位運算(在這里不太可能),也可以在類內部重載以匹配某些行為。 在這種情況下,(可能)有一個Array
對象,因此該event
通過此運算符推入@events
數組。 有關此用例的更多信息,請參見此處 。
請注意,將來您可能會遇到使用該運算符的其他情況,而不是每次都意味着相同的情況-它取決於庫創建者。 現在想到的另一個用例可以是ActiveRecord Relationships,例如has_many
,您還可以使用此運算符將對象立即推入關系並保存。 可以在api文檔中找到有關此內容的更多信息。 快速樣本:
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
has_many :posts
end
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :user
end
然后可以在代碼中的某處使用:
@post = Post.find(10)
@user = User.find(1)
@user.posts << @post
# automatically save the @post object with updated foreign key
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