Java 中的協程

Question

我正在閱讀有關Python 中的協程和此Wikipedia 頁面的此頁面。 我看到Java中有一些庫實現了協程。

我的問題是：到目前為止，Java 設計人員決定不實現協程是否有任何已知原因，是否有任何計划將其包含在 Java 的未來版本中？

謝謝。

Answer 1

實際上，協程的概念是 Java 線程系統的第一個設計。 wait / notify機制是協程的一種簡單形式，其中notify等同於yield等。

從那時起已經做了很多工作，特別是使結構線程安全而不是算法。 這源於這樣一種認識，即必須同步/產生的不是代碼，而是用於在線程之間通信的數據結構必須是線程安全的。

Answer 2

關於“是否有任何計划......”問題的一部分，答案是：

不在這個階段

JEP 列表 ( http://openjdk.java.net/jeps/0 ) 沒有提及協程。 該列表涵蓋了在 Java 8 中添加的、為 Java 9 添加或針對的，或建議用於未來版本的特性。

有趣的是，2013 年 3 月提交了 RFE（ https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-8029988 ）。 RFE 只得到一票，並被關閉了 9 個月，建議提交 JEP。 沒有人費心把這個想法進一步推進，這對我來說很重要。

Answer 3

項目織機

延續和協程將在不久的將來出現在 Java 中，它們將被稱為虛擬線程（也稱為纖程）。 有一個名為 Loom的項目：

Project Loom 旨在探索、孵化和交付構建在它們之上的 Java VM 特性和 API，以支持 Java 平台上易於使用、高吞吐量的輕量級並發和新的編程模型。 這是通過添加以下結構來實現的：

• 虛擬線程
• 分隔的延續
• 尾調用消除

進一步閱讀： https : //cr.openjdk.java.net/~rpressler/loom/Loom-Proposal.html

引用該文件：

該項目的目標是向 Java 平台添加公共分隔的延續（或協程）構造。 然而，這個目標是次於纖維的……

基於早期訪問的 Java 16， Project Loom 的初步構建現已可用。

Answer 4

Java6+還有另一個選擇

一個pythonic協程實現：

import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;

class CorRunRAII {
    private final List<WeakReference<? extends CorRun>> resources = new ArrayList<>();

    public CorRunRAII add(CorRun resource) {
        if (resource == null) {
            return this;
        }
        resources.add(new WeakReference<>(resource));

        return this;
    }

    public CorRunRAII addAll(List<? extends CorRun> arrayList) {
        if (arrayList == null) {
            return this;
        }
        for (CorRun corRun : arrayList) {
            add(corRun);
        }

        return this;
    }

    @Override
    protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
        super.finalize();

        for (WeakReference<? extends CorRun> corRunWeakReference : resources) {
            CorRun corRun = corRunWeakReference.get();
            if (corRun != null) {
                corRun.stop();
            }
        }
    }
}

class CorRunYieldReturn<ReceiveType, YieldReturnType> {
    public final AtomicReference<ReceiveType> receiveValue;
    public final LinkedBlockingDeque<AtomicReference<YieldReturnType>> yieldReturnValue;

    CorRunYieldReturn(AtomicReference<ReceiveType> receiveValue, LinkedBlockingDeque<AtomicReference<YieldReturnType>> yieldReturnValue) {
        this.receiveValue = receiveValue;
        this.yieldReturnValue = yieldReturnValue;
    }
}

interface CorRun<ReceiveType, YieldReturnType> extends Runnable, Callable<YieldReturnType> {
    boolean start();
    void stop();
    void stop(final Throwable throwable);
    boolean isStarted();
    boolean isEnded();
    Throwable getError();

    ReceiveType getReceiveValue();
    void setResultForOuter(YieldReturnType resultForOuter);
    YieldReturnType getResultForOuter();

    YieldReturnType receive(ReceiveType value);
    ReceiveType yield();
    ReceiveType yield(YieldReturnType value);
    <TargetReceiveType, TargetYieldReturnType> TargetYieldReturnType yieldFrom(final CorRun<TargetReceiveType, TargetYieldReturnType> another);
    <TargetReceiveType, TargetYieldReturnType> TargetYieldReturnType yieldFrom(final CorRun<TargetReceiveType, TargetYieldReturnType> another, final TargetReceiveType value);
}

abstract class CorRunSync<ReceiveType, YieldReturnType> implements CorRun<ReceiveType, YieldReturnType> {

    private ReceiveType receiveValue;
    public final List<WeakReference<CorRun>> potentialChildrenCoroutineList = new ArrayList<>();

    // Outside

    private AtomicBoolean isStarted = new AtomicBoolean(false);
    private AtomicBoolean isEnded = new AtomicBoolean(false);
    private Throwable error;

    private YieldReturnType resultForOuter;

    @Override
    public boolean start() {

        boolean isStarted = this.isStarted.getAndSet(true);
        if ((! isStarted)
                && (! isEnded())) {
            receive(null);
        }

        return isStarted;
    }

    @Override
    public void stop() {
        stop(null);
    }

    @Override
    public void stop(Throwable throwable) {
        isEnded.set(true);
        if (throwable != null) {
            error = throwable;
        }

        for (WeakReference<CorRun> weakReference : potentialChildrenCoroutineList) {
            CorRun child = weakReference.get();
            if (child != null) {
                child.stop();
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isStarted() {
        return isStarted.get();
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isEnded() {
        return isEnded.get();
    }

    @Override
    public Throwable getError() {
        return error;
    }

    @Override
    public ReceiveType getReceiveValue() {
        return receiveValue;
    }

    @Override
    public void setResultForOuter(YieldReturnType resultForOuter) {
        this.resultForOuter = resultForOuter;
    }

    @Override
    public YieldReturnType getResultForOuter() {
        return resultForOuter;
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized YieldReturnType receive(ReceiveType value) {
        receiveValue = value;

        run();

        return getResultForOuter();
    }

    @Override
    public ReceiveType yield() {
        return yield(null);
    }

    @Override
    public ReceiveType yield(YieldReturnType value) {
        resultForOuter = value;
        return receiveValue;
    }

    @Override
    public <TargetReceiveType, TargetYieldReturnType> TargetYieldReturnType yieldFrom(CorRun<TargetReceiveType, TargetYieldReturnType> another) {
        return yieldFrom(another, null);
    }

    @Override
    public <TargetReceiveType, TargetYieldReturnType> TargetYieldReturnType yieldFrom(CorRun<TargetReceiveType, TargetYieldReturnType> another, TargetReceiveType value) {
        if (another == null || another.isEnded()) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Call null or isEnded coroutine");
        }

        potentialChildrenCoroutineList.add(new WeakReference<CorRun>(another));

        synchronized (another) {
            boolean isStarted = another.start();
            boolean isJustStarting = ! isStarted;
            if (isJustStarting && another instanceof CorRunSync) {
                return another.getResultForOuter();
            }

            return another.receive(value);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            this.call();
        }
        catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();

            stop(e);
            return;
        }
    }
}

abstract class CorRunThread<ReceiveType, YieldReturnType> implements CorRun<ReceiveType, YieldReturnType> {

    private final ExecutorService childExecutorService = newExecutorService();
    private ExecutorService executingOnExecutorService;

    private static final CorRunYieldReturn DUMMY_COR_RUN_YIELD_RETURN = new CorRunYieldReturn(new AtomicReference<>(null), new LinkedBlockingDeque<AtomicReference>());

    private final CorRun<ReceiveType, YieldReturnType> self;
    public final List<WeakReference<CorRun>> potentialChildrenCoroutineList;
    private CorRunYieldReturn<ReceiveType, YieldReturnType> lastCorRunYieldReturn;

    private final LinkedBlockingDeque<CorRunYieldReturn<ReceiveType, YieldReturnType>> receiveQueue;

    // Outside

    private AtomicBoolean isStarted = new AtomicBoolean(false);
    private AtomicBoolean isEnded = new AtomicBoolean(false);
    private Future<YieldReturnType> future;
    private Throwable error;

    private final AtomicReference<YieldReturnType> resultForOuter = new AtomicReference<>();

    CorRunThread() {
        executingOnExecutorService = childExecutorService;

        receiveQueue = new LinkedBlockingDeque<>();
        potentialChildrenCoroutineList = new ArrayList<>();

        self = this;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            self.call();
        }
        catch (Exception e) {
            stop(e);
            return;
        }

        stop();
    }

    @Override
    public abstract YieldReturnType call();

    @Override
    public boolean start() {
        return start(childExecutorService);
    }

    protected boolean start(ExecutorService executorService) {
        boolean isStarted = this.isStarted.getAndSet(true);
        if (!isStarted) {
            executingOnExecutorService = executorService;
            future = (Future<YieldReturnType>) executingOnExecutorService.submit((Runnable) self);
        }
        return isStarted;
    }

    @Override
    public void stop() {
        stop(null);
    }

    @Override
    public void stop(final Throwable throwable) {
        if (throwable != null) {
            error = throwable;
        }
        isEnded.set(true);

        returnYieldValue(null);
        // Do this for making sure the coroutine has checked isEnd() after getting a dummy value
        receiveQueue.offer(DUMMY_COR_RUN_YIELD_RETURN);

        for (WeakReference<CorRun> weakReference : potentialChildrenCoroutineList) {
            CorRun child = weakReference.get();
            if (child != null) {
                if (child instanceof CorRunThread) {
                    ((CorRunThread)child).tryStop(childExecutorService);
                }
            }
        }

        childExecutorService.shutdownNow();
    }

    protected void tryStop(ExecutorService executorService) {
        if (this.executingOnExecutorService == executorService) {
            stop();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isEnded() {
        return isEnded.get() || (
                future != null && (future.isCancelled() || future.isDone())
                );
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isStarted() {
        return isStarted.get();
    }

    public Future<YieldReturnType> getFuture() {
        return future;
    }

    @Override
    public Throwable getError() {
        return error;
    }

    @Override
    public void setResultForOuter(YieldReturnType resultForOuter) {
        this.resultForOuter.set(resultForOuter);
    }

    @Override
    public YieldReturnType getResultForOuter() {
        return this.resultForOuter.get();
    }

    @Override
    public YieldReturnType receive(ReceiveType value) {

        LinkedBlockingDeque<AtomicReference<YieldReturnType>> yieldReturnValue = new LinkedBlockingDeque<>();

        offerReceiveValue(value, yieldReturnValue);

        try {
            AtomicReference<YieldReturnType> takeValue = yieldReturnValue.take();
            return takeValue == null ? null : takeValue.get();
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public ReceiveType yield() {
        return yield(null);
    }

    @Override
    public ReceiveType yield(final YieldReturnType value) {
        returnYieldValue(value);

        return getReceiveValue();
    }

    @Override
    public <TargetReceiveType, TargetYieldReturnType> TargetYieldReturnType yieldFrom(final CorRun<TargetReceiveType, TargetYieldReturnType> another) {
        return yieldFrom(another, null);
    }

    @Override
    public <TargetReceiveType, TargetYieldReturnType> TargetYieldReturnType yieldFrom(final CorRun<TargetReceiveType, TargetYieldReturnType> another, final TargetReceiveType value) {
        if (another == null || another.isEnded()) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Call null or isEnded coroutine");
        }

        boolean isStarted = false;
        potentialChildrenCoroutineList.add(new WeakReference<CorRun>(another));

        synchronized (another) {
            if (another instanceof CorRunThread) {
                isStarted = ((CorRunThread)another).start(childExecutorService);
            }
            else {
                isStarted = another.start();
            }

            boolean isJustStarting = ! isStarted;
            if (isJustStarting && another instanceof CorRunSync) {
                return another.getResultForOuter();
            }

            TargetYieldReturnType send = another.receive(value);
            return send;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public ReceiveType getReceiveValue() {

        setLastCorRunYieldReturn(takeLastCorRunYieldReturn());

        return lastCorRunYieldReturn.receiveValue.get();
    }

    protected void returnYieldValue(final YieldReturnType value) {
        CorRunYieldReturn<ReceiveType, YieldReturnType> corRunYieldReturn = lastCorRunYieldReturn;
        if (corRunYieldReturn != null) {
            corRunYieldReturn.yieldReturnValue.offer(new AtomicReference<>(value));
        }
    }

    protected void offerReceiveValue(final ReceiveType value, LinkedBlockingDeque<AtomicReference<YieldReturnType>> yieldReturnValue) {
        receiveQueue.offer(new CorRunYieldReturn(new AtomicReference<>(value), yieldReturnValue));
    }

    protected CorRunYieldReturn<ReceiveType, YieldReturnType> takeLastCorRunYieldReturn() {
        try {
            return receiveQueue.take();
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        return null;
    }

    protected void setLastCorRunYieldReturn(CorRunYieldReturn<ReceiveType,YieldReturnType> lastCorRunYieldReturn) {
        this.lastCorRunYieldReturn = lastCorRunYieldReturn;
    }

    protected ExecutorService newExecutorService() {
        return Executors.newCachedThreadPool(getThreadFactory());
    }

    protected ThreadFactory getThreadFactory() {
        return new ThreadFactory() {
            @Override
            public Thread newThread(final Runnable runnable) {
                Thread thread = new Thread(runnable);
                thread.setUncaughtExceptionHandler(new Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler() {
                    @Override
                    public void uncaughtException(Thread thread, Throwable throwable) {
                        throwable.printStackTrace();
                        if (runnable instanceof CorRun) {
                            CorRun self = (CorRun) runnable;
                            self.stop(throwable);
                            thread.interrupt();
                        }
                    }
                });
                return thread;
            }
        };
    }
}

現在你可以以這種方式使用 pythonic 協程（例如斐波那契數）

線程版本：

class Fib extends CorRunThread<Integer, Integer> {

    @Override
    public Integer call() {
        Integer times = getReceiveValue();
        do {
            int a = 1, b = 1;
            for (int i = 0; times != null && i < times; i++) {
                int temp = a + b;
                a = b;
                b = temp;
            }
            // A pythonic "yield", i.e., it returns `a` to the caller and waits `times` value from the next caller
            times = yield(a);
        } while (! isEnded());

        setResultForOuter(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
        return getResultForOuter();
    }
}

class MainRun extends CorRunThread<String, String> {

    @Override
    public String call() {

        // The fib coroutine would be recycled by its parent
        // (no requirement to call its start() and stop() manually)
        // Otherwise, if you want to share its instance and start/stop it manually,
        // please start it before being called by yieldFrom() and stop it in the end.
        Fib fib = new Fib();
        String result = "";
        Integer current;
        int times = 10;
        for (int i = 0; i < times; i++) {

            // A pythonic "yield from", i.e., it calls fib with `i` parameter and waits for returned value as `current`
            current = yieldFrom(fib, i);

            if (fib.getError() != null) {
                throw new RuntimeException(fib.getError());
            }

            if (current == null) {
                continue;
            }

            if (i > 0) {
                result += ",";
            }
            result += current;

        }

        setResultForOuter(result);

        return result;
    }
}

同步（非線程）版本：

class Fib extends CorRunSync<Integer, Integer> {

    @Override
    public Integer call() {
        Integer times = getReceiveValue();

        int a = 1, b = 1;
        for (int i = 0; times != null && i < times; i++) {
            int temp = a + b;
            a = b;
            b = temp;
        }
        yield(a);

        return getResultForOuter();
    }
}

class MainRun extends CorRunSync<String, String> {

    @Override
    public String call() {

        CorRun<Integer, Integer> fib = null;
        try {
            fib = new Fib();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        String result = "";
        Integer current;
        int times = 10;
        for (int i = 0; i < times; i++) {

            current = yieldFrom(fib, i);

            if (fib.getError() != null) {
                throw new RuntimeException(fib.getError());
            }

            if (current == null) {
                continue;
            }

            if (i > 0) {
                result += ",";
            }
            result += current;
        }

        stop();
        setResultForOuter(result);

        if (Utils.isEmpty(result)) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Error");
        }

        return result;
    }
}

---

執行（兩個版本都可以）：

// Run the entry coroutine
MainRun mainRun = new MainRun();
mainRun.start();

// Wait for mainRun ending for 5 seconds
long startTimestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
while(!mainRun.isEnded()) {
    if (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTimestamp > TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(5)) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Wait too much time");
    }
}
// The result should be "1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55"
System.out.println(mainRun.getResultForOuter());

Answer 5

它與 Java 15 build 7 同步。

鏈接