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避免捕獲的替換函數——Lambda演算

[英]Capture-avoiding substitution function -- Lambda calculus

我正在嘗試編寫一個在 Lambda 演算中執行避免捕獲替換的函數。 代碼編譯但沒有吐出正確的答案。 我已經寫了我期望代碼做的事情,我的理解正確嗎?

例如,我應該得到這個輸入的以下輸出( numeral 0是教堂數字 0)

 *Main> substitute "b" (numeral 0) example -- \a. \x. ((\y. a) x) b \c. \a. (\a. c) a (\f. \x. x) -- The incorrect result I actually got \c. \c. (\f. \x. x) (x (\b. a))

注意\y被重命名為\a由於替換(\ya)[N/b] (我想我已經在我編寫的代碼中涵蓋了這一點,但如果我錯了請告訴我。)

import Data.Char
import Data.List

type Var = String

data Term =
    Variable Var
  | Lambda   Var  Term
  | Apply    Term Term
  --  deriving Show

instance Show Term where
  show = pretty

example :: Term        -- \a. \x. ((\y. a) x) b
example = Lambda "a"
            (Lambda "x" (Apply (Apply (Lambda "y" (Variable "a")) 
                                      (Variable "x")) 
                               (Variable "b")))

pretty :: Term -> String
pretty = f 0
    where
      f i (Variable x) = x
      f i (Lambda x m) = if i /= 0 then "(" ++ s ++ ")" else s 
                         where s = "\\" ++ x ++ ". " ++ f 0 m 
      f i (Apply  n m) = if i == 2 then "(" ++ s ++ ")" else s 
                         where s = f 1 n ++ " " ++ f 2 m

substitute :: Var -> Term -> Term -> Term

substitute x n (Variable y)  
    --if y = x, then leave n alone   
    | y == x    = n
    -- otherwise change to y  
    | otherwise = Variable y

substitute x n (Lambda y m)
    --(\y.M)[N/x] = \y.M if y = x 
    | y == x    = Lambda y m
    --otherwise \z.(M[z/y][N/x]), where `z` is a fresh variable name 
    --generated by the `fresh` function, `z` must not be used in M or N, 
    --and `z` cannot be equal `x`. The `used` function checks if a 
    --variable name has been used in `Lambda y m`   
    | otherwise = Lambda newZ newM
                  where newZ = fresh(used(Lambda y m))
                        newM = substitute x n m          

substitute x n (Apply  m2 m1) = Apply newM2 newM1
    where newM1 = substitute x n m2
          newM2 = substitute x n m1

used :: Term -> [Var]
used (Variable n) = [n]
used (Lambda n t) = merge [n] (used t)
used (Apply t1 t2) = merge (used t1) (used t2)

variables :: [Var]
variables =  [l:[] | l <- ['a'..'z']] ++ 
             [l:show x | x <- [1..], l <- ['a'..'z']]

filterFreshVariables :: [Var] -> [Var] -> [Var]
filterFreshVariables lst = filter ( `notElem` lst)

fresh :: [Var] -> Var
fresh lst = head (filterFreshVariables lst variables)

recursiveNumeral :: Int -> Term
recursiveNumeral i
  | i == 0 = Variable "x"
  | i > 0 = Apply(Variable "f")(recursiveNumeral(i-1))

numeral :: Int -> Term
numeral i = Lambda "f" (Lambda "x" (recursiveNumeral i))

merge :: Ord a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]
merge (x : xs) (y : ys)
  | x < y = x : merge xs (y : ys)
  | otherwise = y : merge (x : xs) ys
merge xs [] = xs
merge [] ys = ys

substitute xn (Lambda ym)中的這部分不正確:

  • 評論說“ z不得在MN中使用”,但沒有什么能阻止這一點。 newZ可能是n中的一個變量,這會導致捕獲問題
  • 替換z/y尚未完成
    | otherwise = Lambda newZ newM
                  where newZ = fresh(used(Lambda y m))
                        newM = substitute x n m

使固定:

  1. z不得用於MN ”:
newZ = fresh(used m `merge` used n)
  1. M[z/y][N/x] ”:
newM = substitute x n (substitute y (Variable newZ) m)

放在一起:

    | otherwise = Lambda newZ newM
    where
      newZ = fresh(used m `merge` used n)
      newM = substitute x n (substitute y (Variable newZ) m)

請注意,如上所述刷新所有綁定會導致難以理解結果和調試替換。 實際上y只有在yn時才需要刷新。 否則,您可以保留y ,添加以下子句:

    | y `notElem` used n = Lambda y (substitute x n m)

另一種想法是修改fresh以選擇與舊名稱相似的名稱,例如,通過附加數字直到不發生沖突。


我仍然錯過了一個錯誤: newZ也不應該等於x (最初被替換的變量)。

-- substitute [a -> \f. \x. x] in (\g. g), should be (\g. g)
ghci> substitute "a" (numeral 0) (Lambda "g" (Variable "g"))
\a. \g. \x. x

解決這個問題的兩種方法:

  1. x添加到變量集以排除newZ

     newZ = fresh ([x] `merge` used m `merge` used n)
  2. 如果你想一想,這個錯誤只會在x不在m中時才會出現,在這種情況下沒有什么可以替代的,所以另一種方法是添加一個更多的分支來跳過工作:

     | x `notElem` used m = Lambda ym

放在一起:

substitute x n (Lambda y m)
    --(\y.M)[N/x] = \y.M if y = x 
    | y == x    = Lambda y m
    | x `notElem` used m = Lambda y m
    | y `notElem` used n = Lambda y (substitute x n m)
    | otherwise = Lambda newZ newM
                  where newZ = fresh(used m `merge` used n)
                        newM = substitute x n (substitute y (Variable newZ) m)

輸出

ghci> example
\a. \x. (\y. a) x b
ghci> numeral 0
\f. \x. x
ghci> substitute "b" (numeral 0) example
\a. \c. (\y. a) c (\f. \x. x)

注意:我沒有試圖證明這段代碼是正確的(讀者練習:定義“正確”),可能仍然有我錯過的錯誤。 必須有一些關於 lambda 演算的課程,其中包含所有細節和陷阱,但我沒有費心去看。

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