'List' object 沒有屬性 'startswith' - 解決困難

Question

在查看有關此主題的現有案例后，我還沒有找到解決方案。

我正在嘗試運行我的 python 服務器並繼續運行此回溯：

    G:\inetpub\FaulknerandSonsLTD2\Website\Website>manage.py runserver
    Watching for file changes with StatReloader
    Exception in thread django-main-thread:
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "G:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Shared\Python37_64\lib\threading.py", line 926, in
_bootstrap_inner
        self.run()
      File "G:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Shared\Python37_64\lib\threading.py", line 870, in run
        self._target(*self._args, **self._kwargs)
      File "G:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Shared\Python37_64\lib\site-packages\django\utils\autoreload.py", line 53, in wrapper
        fn(*args, **kwargs)
      File "G:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Shared\Python37_64\lib\site-packages\django\core\management\commands\runserver.py", line 109, in inner_run
        autoreload.raise_last_exception()
      File "G:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Shared\Python37_64\lib\site-packages\django\utils\autoreload.py", line 76, in raise_last_exception
        raise _exception[1]
      File "G:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Shared\Python37_64\lib\site-packages\django\core\management\__init__.py", line 357, in execute
        autoreload.check_errors(django.setup)()
      File "G:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Shared\Python37_64\lib\site-packages\django\utils\autoreload.py", line 53, in wrapper
        fn(*args, **kwargs)
      File "G:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Shared\Python37_64\lib\site-packages\django\__init__.py", line 24, in setup
        apps.populate(settings.INSTALLED_APPS)
      File "G:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Shared\Python37_64\lib\site-packages\django\apps\registry.py", line 91, in populate
        app_config = AppConfig.create(entry)
      File "G:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Shared\Python37_64\lib\site-packages\django\apps\config.py", line 90, in create
        module = import_module(entry)
      File "G:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Shared\Python37_64\lib\importlib\__init__.py", line 118, in import_module
        if name.startswith('.'):
    AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'startswith'

我嘗試在整個項目中搜索短語“startswith”。

關於在哪里找到問題的根源有什么明顯的建議嗎？ 通常，回溯會提供有關文件位置的重要線索。

應用程序設置：

"""
Django settings for Website project.

Based on 'django-admin startproject' using Django 2.1.2.

For more information on this file, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/settings/

For the full list of settings and their values, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/settings/
"""

import os
import posixpath
import pyodbc 


# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))

# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/howto/deployment/checklist/

# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
SECRET_KEY = '230f1c1d-ccaf-4db6-8d0c-afda7968d275'

# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
DEBUG = True

ALLOWED_HOSTS = []

AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'Accounts.Account'

LOGOUT_REDIRECT_URL = 'home'

LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL = 'home'

LOGIN_URL = '/Website/login'

EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend'

AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS = (
    'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend', # existing backend
    'allauth.account.auth_backends.AuthenticationBackend',
)

SITE_ID = 1

ACCOUNT_USER_MODEL_USERNAME_FIELD = None
ACCOUNT_EMAIL_REQUIRED = True
ACCOUNT_USERNAME_REQUIRED = False
ACCOUNT_AUTHENTICATION_METHOD = 'email'

# Application references
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/settings/#std:setting-INSTALLED_APPS
INSTALLED_APPS = (
    "app",
    "Website",
    "Users.django_registration",
    "Users.current_user",
    "computedfields",
    # Accounting Applications Here
    "Accounting",
    # Education Applications Here
    "Education",
    "Education.Examinations",
    "Education.Grades",
    "Education.Homework",
    "Education.Lessons",
    "Education.Modules",
    "Education.Qualifications",
    "Education.Subjects",
    "Education.Subjects.ComputerScience",
    "Education.Subjects.English",
    "Education.Subjects.Geography",
    "Education.Subjects.History",
    "Education.Subjects.Mathematics",
    "Education.Subjects.Music",
    "Education.Subjects.PSHE",
    "Education.Subjects.ReligiousStudies",
    "Education.Subjects.Science",
    # Healthcare Applications Here
    "Healthcare",
    "Healthcare.Asthma",
    "Healthcare.AtrialFibrillation",
    "Healthcare.BloodPressure",
    "Healthcare.Cancer",
    "Healthcare.CervicalScreening",
    "Healthcare.ChronicHeartDisease",
    "Healthcare.ChronicKidneyDisease",
    "Healthcare.COPD",
    "Healthcare.CVD",
    "Healthcare.Dementia",
    "Healthcare.Depression",
    "Healthcare.Diabetes",
    "Healthcare.Epilepsy",
    "Healthcare.HeartFailure",
    "Healthcare.Hypertension",
    "Healthcare.LearningDisability",
    "Healthcare.MentalHealth",
    "Healthcare.Obesity",
    "Healthcare.Osteoporosis",
    "Healthcare.PAD",
    "Healthcare.PalliativeCare",
    "Healthcare.RheumatoidArthritis",
    "Healthcare.Smoking",
    "Healthcare.Stroke",
    # Legal Applications
    "Legals",
    "Legals.Cookies",
    "Legals.Privacy",
    # Media Applications
    "Media",
    "Media.Books",
    "Media.Radio",
    "Media.RSS",
    "Media.TV",
    # Social Services Applications
    "SocialServices",
    # User Applications
    "Users",
    "Users.Accountants",
    "Users.Accounts",
    "Users.Dentists",
    "Users.Doctors",
    "Users.Headteachers",
    "Users.Lawyers",
    "Users.Parents",
    "Users.Politicians",
    "Users.Staff",
    "Users.Students",
    "Users.Teachers",
    # Add your apps here to enable them
    "django.contrib.admin",
    "django.contrib.auth",
    "django.contrib.contenttypes",
    "django.contrib.sessions",
    "django.contrib.messages",
    "django.contrib.staticfiles",
    "django.contrib.sites",
    "allauth",
    "allauth.account",
    "allauth.socialaccount",
    # the social providers
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.agave",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.amazon",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.angellist",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.asana",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.auth0",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.authentiq",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.baidu",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.basecamp",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.bitbucket",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.bitbucket_oauth2",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.bitly",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.cern",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.coinbase",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.dataporten",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.daum",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.digitalocean",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.discord",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.disqus",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.douban",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.draugiem",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.dropbox",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.dwolla",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.edmodo",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.edx",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.eveonline",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.evernote",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.exist",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.facebook",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.feedly",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.fivehundredpx",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.flickr",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.foursquare",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.fxa",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.github",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.gitlab",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.google",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.hubic",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.instagram",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.jupyterhub",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.kakao",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.keycloak",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.line",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.linkedin",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.linkedin_oauth2",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.mailru",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.mailchimp",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.meetup",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.microsoft",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.mixer",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.naver",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.nextcloud",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.odnoklassniki",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.openid",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.openstreetmap",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.orcid",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.paypal",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.patreon",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.persona",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.pinterest",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.reddit",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.robinhood",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.sharefile",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.shopify",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.slack",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.soundcloud",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.spotify",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.stackexchange",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.steam",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.strava",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.stripe",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.trello",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.tumblr",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.twentythreeandme",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.twitch",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.twitter",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.untappd",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.vimeo",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.vimeo_oauth2",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.vk",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.weibo",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.weixin",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.windowslive",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.xing",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.yandex",
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.ynab",

),

SOCIALACCOUNT_PROVIDERS = {
    'google': {
        # For each OAuth based provider, either add a ``SocialApp``
        # (``socialaccount`` app) containing the required client
        # credentials, or list them here:
        'APP': {
            'client_id': '123',
            'secret': '456',
            'key': ''
        }
    }
}

PASSWORD_HASHERS = (
        'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher',
        'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher',
        'django.contrib.auth.hashers.BCryptPasswordHasher',
        'django.contrib.auth.hashers.SHA1PasswordHasher',
        'django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher',
        'django.contrib.auth.hashers.CryptPasswordHasher',
)

# Middleware framework
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/http/middleware/
MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    ##'Website.middleware.current_user.CurrentUserMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
    
]

ROOT_URLCONF = 'Website.urls'

# Template configuration
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/templates/
TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
        'DIRS': [],
        'APP_DIRS': True,
        'OPTIONS': {
            'context_processors': [
                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                'django.template.context_processors.request',
                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
            ],
        },
    },
]

WSGI_APPLICATION = 'Website.wsgi.application'
# Database
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/settings/#databases
DATABASES={
   'default':{
       'ENGINE':'sql_server.pyodbc',
       'NAME':'NKFSLTD_Website',
       'USER':'Nf00038',
       'PASSWORD':'hidden',
       'HOST':'192.168.1.116',
       'PORT':'1433',      
       'OPTIONS':{
           'driver':'SQL Server Native Client 11.0',
       },
   }
}
    
    # Some other example server values are
    # server = 'localhost\sqlexpress' # for a named instance
    # server = 'myserver,port' # to specify an alternate port

class SQLConnection():

    def Connection():

        server = '192.168.1.118' 
        database = 'NKFSLTD_Website' 
        username = 'sa' 
        password = 'Heron24$' 
        cnxn = pyodbc.connect('DRIVER={ODBC Driver 17 for SQL Server};SERVER='+server+';DATABASE='+database+';UID='+username+';PWD='+ password)
        cursor = cnxn.cursor()




# Password validation
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators
AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
    },
]

# Internationalization
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/i18n/
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
USE_I18N = True
USE_L10N = True
USE_TZ = True

# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/howto/static-files/
STATIC_URL = '/static/'
STATIC_ROOT = ('G:\inetpub\FaulknerandSonsLTD2\Website\Website\Website\static\static_root') 
STATICFILES_DIRS = (('G:\inetpub\FaulknerandSonsLTD2\Website\Website\Website\static\staticfiles'),)

STUDENTS_URL = '/studentsfiles/'
STUDENTS_ROOT = ('I:\Students')
STUDENTFILES_DIRS = ('I:\Students')

PARENTS_URL = '/parentsfiles/'
PARENTS_ROOT = ('H:\Parents')
PARENTFILES_DIRS = ('H:\Parents')

TEACHERS_URL = '/teachersfiles/'
TEACHERS_ROOT = ('C:\Teachers')
TEACHERSFILES_DIRS = ('C:\Teachers')

MEDIA_URL = '/media/'
#MEDIA_ROOT = ('G:\inetpub\FaulknerandSonsLTD2\Website\Website\Website\media\media_root') 
MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'firstapp/static/')

# django registration
ACCCOUNT_ACTIVATION_DAYS = 7

Answer 1

INSTALLED_APPS 應該看起來像字符串元組：

INSTALLED_APPS = ("app1", "app2")

但是您在其中的某處有列表，即：

INSTALLED_APPS = ("app1", ["app2"])

檢查https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/settings/#installed-apps

Answer 2

在：

File "G:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Shared\Python37_64\lib\site-packages\django\__init__.py",
> line 24, in setup

你可以找到：

 apps.populate(settings.INSTALLED_APPS)

並且在

>       File "G:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Shared\Python37_64\lib\site-packages\django\apps\registry.py",
> line 91, in populate

你可以找到：

>         app_config = AppConfig.create(entry)

並在：

>       File "G:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Shared\Python37_64\lib\site-packages\django\apps\config.py",
> line 90, in create

你可以找到：

>         module = import_module(entry)

並在：

>       File "G:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Shared\Python37_64\lib\importlib\__init__.py", line 118,
> in import_module

你可以找到：

>         if name.startswith('.'):

但是 settings.INSTALLED_APPS 看起來不錯，你確定你還有這個錯誤嗎

當我在 INSTALLED_APPS 的定義之后添加“，”時，我能夠重現該問題

AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'startswith'

請更換

INSTALLED_APPS = (),

至

INSTALLED_APPS = ()

Answer 3

只是想添加我的解決方案，因為我也偶然發現了這個問題。 它與代碼中的任何錯誤無關，但與 python 系統設置有關。 盡管沒有代碼更改，但能夠重現一個分支有錯誤而另一個沒有。 通過切換回系統 python 進行修復。 以前，由於升級 python 時出現類似錯誤，我已移至較低的 python。 但是當我讓 brew 和 pyenv 見面時似乎已經修復了。 所以他們之前沒有鏈接可能至少是我問題的根源，導致 py 和依賴不匹配？ 盡管沒有代碼錯誤，但最終導致錯誤。

Answer 4

您在此處的元組中創建了一個元組

INSTALLED_APPS = (
    "app",
    "Website",
    #some more apps
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.ynab",
),

刪除字符串我們得到INSTALLED_APPS = (),這與INSTALLED_APPS = ((), ())相同。

根據文檔，您應該有一個列表，例如

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    "app",
    "Website",
    #some more apps
    "allauth.socialaccount.providers.ynab",
]

注意最后一行沒有逗號。

刪除字符串，我們現在得到INSTALLED_APPS = [] 。