如何使用 OOP 確保 Tkinter Canvas 上顯示所有元素

Question

我對 python 相當陌生，並試圖掌握它的類和功能。 我之前寫了一個代碼，為了讓它干凈，我試圖把它放在類中，但是它的一些元素不再顯示了。

該代碼應該顯示一個帶有文本的白色圓角矩形和一個運行良好的按鈕，但是當我添加分類時，按鈕和文本不顯示。

這可能只是很小的東西，但正如我所說我正在努力學習 - 我如何讓它像使用 OOP 之前一樣顯示？ 我究竟做錯了什么？ 謝謝您的幫助！

我的代碼如下所示。

    root = Tk()
root.configure(bg="steel blue")
canvas = Canvas(root, highlightthickness=0)
canvas.config(width=350, height=250,
             bg="steel blue", )  # canvas.config(width = root.winfo_screenwidth(), height = root.winfo_screenheight() )
canvas.pack()


class User_Identification(object):
    def User_Id(self):
        canvas.delete("all")  # root.configure(bg = "white")   #canvas.config(bg = "white")
        canvas.config(width=505, height=505,
                      bg="steel blue")  # canvas.config(width = root.winfo_screenwidth(), height = root.winfo_screenheight() )
        box = canvas.create_rectangle(40, 20, 500, 500, fill="white", width=4)
        canvas.create_text(255, 65, text="Who are you?", font=("comic sans", 30))
        box2 = canvas.create_rectangle(50, 30, 450, 100, width=2)
        canvas.move(box2, 9, 5)
        canvas.place(relx=0.5, rely=0.5, anchor=CENTER)

        User_button = Button(root, text="User", anchor=CENTER, command=Per_Form)
        User_button.configure(width=45, height=6, bg="white", fg="black", border=10)  # height
        User_button = canvas.create_window(60, 150, anchor=NW, window=User_button)

        Driver_button = Button(root, text="Driver", anchor=CENTER, command=Per_Form)
        Driver_button.configure(width=45, height=6, bg="white", fg="black", border=10)  # height
        Driver_button = canvas.create_window(60, 300, anchor=NW, window=Driver_button)


class Rectangle:

   def round_rectangle(x1, y1, x2, y2, radius=25, **kwargs):  # Making of the round rectangle

       points = [x1 + radius, y1,
                 x1 + radius, y1,
                 x2 - radius, y1,
                 x2 - radius, y1,
                 x2, y1,
                 x2, y1 + radius,
                 x2, y1 + radius,
                 x2, y2 - radius,
                 x2, y2 - radius,
                 x2, y2,
                 x2 - radius, y2,
                 x2 - radius, y2,
                 x1 + radius, y2,
                 x1 + radius, y2,
                 x1, y2,
                 x1, y2 - radius,
                 x1, y2 - radius,
                 x1, y1 + radius,
                 x1, y1 + radius,
                 x1, y1]

       return canvas.create_polygon(points, **kwargs, smooth=True)

   my_rectangle = round_rectangle(10, 60, 330, 250, radius=23, outline="black", fill="white", width=4)

   def __init__(self, Next_button):
        self.Next_button = Next_button
        Next_button = Button(root, text="Next", anchor=CENTER, command=User_Identification)
        Next_button.configure(width=10, bg="black", fg="blue", border=10)
        canvas.create_window(500, 500, anchor=NW, window=Next_button)

   def text(text):
        text = canvas.create_text(170, 100, text="Hey there, welcome to DeliverToday! \nWe bring your needs right at your doorstep ~ \nhave a great journey ahead!")


canvas.place(relx=0.5, rely=0.5, anchor=CENTER)

Answer 1

我認為您正在嘗試執行以下腳本之類的操作。 我說明了一堆不同的概念，其中一些對於您的需求是不必要的。 閱讀文檔並學習計算機科學，以便您能夠理解它們。

配置文件

from dataclasses import dataclass, asdict

#to make things more complicated and force you to get better
#create a dataclass of default properties
@dataclass
class Button_dc:
    bg:    str = "white"
    fg:    str = "gray20"
    font:  str = 'Calibri 14 bold'
    border:int = 10
    
#make a dict instance of the dataclass    
DefaultButton = asdict(Button_dc())

#make a slightly different instance
UserRoleButton = asdict(Button_dc(font='Calibri 24 bold'))

形狀.py

#add more static methods that return complex shape points
class Shapes:
    @staticmethod
    def RoundRectangle(x1, y1, x2, y2, radius=25):  # Making of the round rectangle
        return [x1 + radius, y1,
                x1 + radius, y1,
                x2 - radius, y1,
                x2 - radius, y1,
                x2, y1,
                x2, y1 + radius,
                x2, y1 + radius,
                x2, y2 - radius,
                x2, y2 - radius,
                x2, y2,
                x2 - radius, y2,
                x2 - radius, y2,
                x1 + radius, y2,
                x1 + radius, y2,
                x1, y2,
                x1, y2 - radius,
                x1, y2 - radius,
                x1, y1 + radius,
                x1, y1 + radius,
                x1, y1]

主文件

import tkinter as tk
import config as cfg
from shapes import Shapes
from enum import Enum


#entirely over-engineered for it's purpose
class Role(Enum):
    User = 1
    Driver = 2


class App(tk.Tk):
    #width, height and title are constants of your app so, write them as such
    WIDTH  = 660
    HEIGHT = 400
    TITLE  = "DeliveryToday ~ We bring your needs right to your doorstep"

    def __init__(self):
        tk.Tk.__init__(self)
        self.configure(bg="steel blue")

        self.canvas = tk.Canvas(self, bg="steel blue", highlightthickness=0)
        self.canvas.pack(side='top', fill='both', expand=True)
        
        rect = Shapes.RoundRectangle(20, 20, 640, 320, radius=60)
        self.canvas.create_polygon(rect, outline="black", fill="white", width=4, smooth=True)

        #simple manual text centering, also...
        #making an entire function to store text is ridiculous
        text = f'{"Hey there, welcome to DeliverToday!":^{48}}\n{"We bring your needs right to your doorstep.":^{40}}\n{"Have a great journey ahead!":^{46}}'
        self.canvas.create_text(40, 100, anchor='nw', font='Helvetica 20 bold', text=text)
        
        #using **kwargs makes lines a lot shorter. prepare your data, then use it
        self.next_btn = tk.Button(self, text="next", command=self.user_id, **cfg.DefaultButton)
        self.canvas.create_window(500, 340, anchor='nw', window=self.next_btn)
        
    def user_id(self):
        self.canvas.delete("all")
        #put user id code here
        self.canvas.create_rectangle(40, 20, 620, 380, fill="white", width=4)
        self.canvas.create_text(255, 65, text="Choose your role?", font="comicsans 30")
        
        #using a lambda in this way we can pass arguments to other methods
        self.user_btn = tk.Button(self, text="User", command=lambda: self.user_form(Role.User), **cfg.UserRoleButton)
        self.canvas.create_window(60, 280, anchor='nw', window=self.user_btn)
        
        self.driver_btn = tk.Button(self, text="Driver", command=lambda: self.user_form(Role.Driver), **cfg.UserRoleButton)
        self.canvas.create_window(180, 280, anchor='nw', window=self.driver_btn)
        
    def user_form(self, type):
        if type is Role.User:
            print("this is a user")
        elif type is Role.Driver:
            print("this is a driver")
        

#use proper PEP8 to initialize your program
if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = App()
    app.geometry(f'{App.WIDTH}x{App.HEIGHT}')
    app.resizable(width=False, height=False)
    app.title(App.TITLE)
    app.mainloop()