@Mock 導致異常但@MockBean 在 spring 啟動應用程序中工作

Question

我正在學習在 spring 啟動應用程序中為 controller 層編寫測試用例。 我已經使用@Mock 來模擬服務層測試用例中的存儲庫接口並且它工作/編譯並執行了測試用例。 在 controller 層測試用例中，@Mock 導致異常，但 @MockBean 有效。

我試圖從其他資源中了解 @Mock 和 @MockBean 之間的區別，但希望更清楚地了解為什么 @Mock 在服務測試中有效但在 controller 測試中無效。

請參考我的代碼 -

1. 實體

   package com.learning.microservices.userservice.model; import lombok.AllArgsConstructor; import lombok.Builder; import lombok.Data; import lombok.NoArgsConstructor; import org.springframework.data.annotation.Id; import org.springframework.data.mongodb.core.mapping.Document; @Data @Builder @NoArgsConstructor @AllArgsConstructor @Document(collection = "Consumer") public class Consumer { @Id private Long consumerId; private String consumerName; private String emailAddress; }

2. 資料庫

   package com.learning.microservices.userservice.repository; import com.learning.microservices.userservice.model.Consumer; import org.springframework.data.mongodb.repository.MongoRepository; import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository; @Repository public interface ConsumerRepository extends MongoRepository<Consumer, Long> { }

3. 服務

   1. 界面

      package com.learning.microservices.userservice.Service; import com.learning.microservices.userservice.model.Consumer; public interface ConsumerService { public Consumer saveConsumer(Consumer consumer); }

   2. 執行

      package com.learning.microservices.userservice.Service; import com.learning.microservices.userservice.model.Consumer; import com.learning.microservices.userservice.repository.ConsumerRepository; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; @Service public class ConsumerServiceImpl implements ConsumerService { @Autowired ConsumerRepository consumerRepository; public Consumer saveConsumer(Consumer consumer){ if (consumerRepository.findById(consumer.getConsumerId()).isPresent()) throw new RuntimeException("Consumer already exists");//should return 409 return consumerRepository.save(consumer); } }

4. Controller

    package com.learning.microservices.userservice.controller; import com.learning.microservices.userservice.Service.ConsumerService; import com.learning.microservices.userservice.model.Consumer; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; import org.springframework.web.servlet.support.ServletUriComponentsBuilder; import java.net.URI; @RestController @RequestMapping("/consumers") public class ConsumerController { @Autowired ConsumerService consumerService; @PostMapping public ResponseEntity<Consumer> saveConsumer(@RequestBody Consumer consumer) { Consumer savedConsumer = consumerService.saveConsumer(consumer); URI consumerLocation = ServletUriComponentsBuilder.fromCurrentRequest().path("/{consumerId}").buildAndExpand(savedConsumer.getConsumerId()).toUri(); return ResponseEntity.created(consumerLocation).build(); } }

5. 測試用例

   1. 服務

      package com.learning.microservices.userservice.Service; import com.learning.microservices.userservice.model.Consumer; import com.learning.microservices.userservice.repository.ConsumerRepository; import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach; import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith; import org.mockito.InjectMocks; import org.mockito.Mock; import org.mockito.junit.jupiter.MockitoExtension; import java.util.Optional; import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat; import static org.mockito.BDDMockito.given; @ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class) class ConsumerServiceImplTest { @Mock private ConsumerRepository consumerRepository; @InjectMocks private ConsumerServiceImpl consumerService; private Consumer consumer; @BeforeEach public void setUp() { consumer = Consumer.builder().consumerId(1L).consumerName("Test Consumer").emailAddress("test.consumer@test.com").build(); } @AfterEach public void tearDown() { consumer = null; } @Test void saveConsumer() { given(consumerRepository.findById(consumer.getConsumerId())).willReturn(Optional.empty()); given(consumerService.saveConsumer(consumer)).willReturn(consumer); Consumer savedConsumer = consumerService.saveConsumer(consumer); assertThat(savedConsumer).isNotNull(); } }

   2. Controller

       package com.learning.microservices.userservice.controller; import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper; import com.learning.microservices.userservice.Service.ConsumerServiceImpl; import com.learning.microservices.userservice.model.Consumer; import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach; import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; import org.mockito.InjectMocks; import org.mockito.Mock; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.WebMvcTest; import org.springframework.http.MediaType; import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc; import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders; import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers; import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets; import static org.mockito.BDDMockito.given; @WebMvcTest class ConsumerControllerTest { private ObjectMapper objectMapper; private Consumer consumer; @Autowired private MockMvc mockMvc; @Mock private ConsumerServiceImpl consumerService; @InjectMocks private ConsumerController consumerController; @BeforeEach public void setUp() { consumer = Consumer.builder().consumerId(1L).consumerName("Test Consumer").emailAddress("test.consumer@test.com").build(); objectMapper = new ObjectMapper(); } @AfterEach public void tearDown() { consumer = null; objectMapper = null; } @Test void saveConsumer() throws Exception { given(consumerService.saveConsumer(consumer)).willReturn(consumer); mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.post("/consumers").contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON).content(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(consumer)).characterEncoding(StandardCharsets.UTF_8) ).andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isCreated()); } }

   3. 異常日志

      java.lang.IllegalStateException: Failed to load ApplicationContext for [WebMergedContextConfiguration@5f8a02cf testClass = com.learning.microservices.userservice.controller.ConsumerControllerTest, locations = [], classes = [com.learning.microservices.userservice.UserServiceApplication], contextInitializerClasses = [], activeProfiles = [], propertySourceLocations = [], propertySourceProperties = ["org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.WebMvcTestContextBootstrapper=true"], contextCustomizers = [[ImportsContextCustomizer@26d5a317 key = [org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cache.CacheAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.context.MessageSourceAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.web.SpringDataWebAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.freemarker.FreeMarkerAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.groovy.template.GroovyTemplateAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.gson.GsonAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.hateoas.HypermediaAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.http.HttpMessageConvertersAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jackson.JacksonAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jsonb.JsonbAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mustache.MustacheAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.task.TaskExecutionAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.thymeleaf.ThymeleafAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.validation.ValidationAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.servlet.error.ErrorMvcAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.servlet.HttpEncodingAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.servlet.WebMvcAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.MockMvcAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.MockMvcWebClientAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.MockMvcWebDriverAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.oauth2.client.servlet.OAuth2ClientAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.oauth2.resource.servlet.OAuth2ResourceServerAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.servlet.SecurityAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.servlet.SecurityFilterAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.servlet.UserDetailsServiceAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.MockMvcSecurityConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.reactive.WebTestClientAutoConfiguration]], org.springframework.boot.test.context.filter.ExcludeFilterContextCustomizer@2034b64c, org.springframework.boot.test.json.DuplicateJsonObjectContextCustomizerFactory$DuplicateJsonObjectContextCustomizer@7161d8d1, org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.MockitoContextCustomizer@0, org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.OverrideAutoConfigurationContextCustomizerFactory$DisableAutoConfigurationContextCustomizer@d737b89, org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.actuate.observability.ObservabilityContextCustomizerFactory$DisableObservabilityContextCustomizer@9da1, org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.filter.TypeExcludeFiltersContextCustomizer@234914f5, org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.properties.PropertyMappingContextCustomizer@e322556a, org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.WebDriverContextCustomizerFactory$Customizer@2ab4bc72, org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTestAnnotation@4ddbcfe0], resourceBasePath = "src/main/webapp", contextLoader = org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootContextLoader, parent = null] at org.springframework.test.context.cache.DefaultCacheAwareContextLoaderDelegate.loadContext(DefaultCacheAwareContextLoaderDelegate.java:142) at org.springframework.test.context.support.DefaultTestContext.getApplicationContext(DefaultTestContext.java:127) at org.springframework.test.context.support.DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener.injectDependencies(DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener.java:141) at org.springframework.test.context.support.DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener.prepareTestInstance(DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener.java:97) at org.springframework.test.context.TestContextManager.prepareTestInstance(TestContextManager.java:241) at org.springframework.test.context.junit.jupiter.SpringExtension.postProcessTestInstance(SpringExtension.java:138) at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.ClassBasedTestDescriptor.lambda$invokeTestInstancePostProcessors$10(ClassBasedTestDescriptor.java:377) at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.ClassBasedTestDescriptor.executeAndMaskThrowable(ClassBasedTestDescriptor.java:382) at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.ClassBasedTestDescriptor.lambda$invokeTestInstancePostProcessors$11(ClassBasedTestDescriptor.java:377) at java.base/java.util.stream.ReferencePipeline$3$1.accept(ReferencePipeline.java:197) at java.base/java.util.stream.ReferencePipeline$2$1.accept(ReferencePipeline.java:179) at java.base/java.util.ArrayList$ArrayListSpliterator.forEachRemaining(ArrayList.java:1625) at java.base/java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.copyInto(AbstractPipeline.java:509) at java.base/java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.wrapAndCopyInto(AbstractPipeline.java:499) at java.base/java.util.stream.StreamSpliterators$WrappingSpliterator.forEachRemaining(StreamSpliterators.java:310) at java.base/java.util.stream.Streams$ConcatSpliterator.forEachRemaining(Streams.java:735) at java.base/java.util.stream.Streams$ConcatSpliterator.forEachRemaining(Streams.java:734) at java.base/java.util.stream.ReferencePipeline$Head.forEach(ReferencePipeline.java:762) at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.ClassBasedTestDescriptor.invokeTestInstancePostProcessors(ClassBasedTestDescriptor.java:376) at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.ClassBasedTestDescriptor.lambda$instantiateAndPostProcessTestInstance$6(ClassBasedTestDescriptor.java:289) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73) at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.ClassBasedTestDescriptor.instantiateAndPostProcessTestInstance(ClassBasedTestDescriptor.java:288) at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.ClassBasedTestDescriptor.lambda$testInstancesProvider$4(ClassBasedTestDescriptor.java:278) at java.base/java.util.Optional.orElseGet(Optional.java:364) at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.ClassBasedTestDescriptor.lambda$testInstancesProvider$5(ClassBasedTestDescriptor.java:277) at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.TestInstancesProvider.getTestInstances(TestInstancesProvider.java:31) at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.lambda$prepare$0(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:105) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73) at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.prepare(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:104) at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.prepare(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:68) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$prepare$2(NodeTestTask.java:123) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.prepare(NodeTestTask.java:123) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.execute(NodeTestTask.java:90) at java.base/java.util.ArrayList.forEach(ArrayList.java:1511) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.invokeAll(SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.java:41) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$6(NodeTestTask.java:155) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$8(NodeTestTask.java:141) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.Node.around(Node.java:137) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$9(NodeTestTask.java:139) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.executeRecursively(NodeTestTask.java:138) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.execute(NodeTestTask.java:95) at java.base/java.util.ArrayList.forEach(ArrayList.java:1511) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.invokeAll(SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.java:41) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$6(NodeTestTask.java:155) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$8(NodeTestTask.java:141) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.Node.around(Node.java:137) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$9(NodeTestTask.java:139) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.executeRecursively(NodeTestTask.java:138) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.execute(NodeTestTask.java:95) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.submit(SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.java:35) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.HierarchicalTestExecutor.execute(HierarchicalTestExecutor.java:57) at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.HierarchicalTestEngine.execute(HierarchicalTestEngine.java:54) at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineExecutionOrchestrator.execute(EngineExecutionOrchestrator.java:147) at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineExecutionOrchestrator.execute(EngineExecutionOrchestrator.java:127) at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineExecutionOrchestrator.execute(EngineExecutionOrchestrator.java:90) at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineExecutionOrchestrator.lambda$execute$0(EngineExecutionOrchestrator.java:55) at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineExecutionOrchestrator.withInterceptedStreams(EngineExecutionOrchestrator.java:102) at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineExecutionOrchestrator.execute(EngineExecutionOrchestrator.java:54) at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncher.execute(DefaultLauncher.java:114) at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncher.execute(DefaultLauncher.java:86) at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncherSession$DelegatingLauncher.execute(DefaultLauncherSession.java:86) at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.SessionPerRequestLauncher.execute(SessionPerRequestLauncher.java:53) at com.intellij.junit5.JUnit5IdeaTestRunner.startRunnerWithArgs(JUnit5IdeaTestRunner.java:57) at com.intellij.rt.junit.IdeaTestRunner$Repeater$1.execute(IdeaTestRunner.java:38) at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.TestsRepeater.repeat(TestsRepeater.java:11) at com.intellij.rt.junit.IdeaTestRunner$Repeater.startRunnerWithArgs(IdeaTestRunner.java:35) at com.intellij.rt.junit.JUnitStarter.prepareStreamsAndStart(JUnitStarter.java:235) at com.intellij.rt.junit.JUnitStarter.main(JUnitStarter.java:54) Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException: Error creating bean with name 'consumerController': Unsatisfied dependency expressed through field 'consumerService': No qualifying bean of type 'com.learning.microservices.userservice.Service.ConsumerService' available: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)} at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.resolveFieldValue(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:712) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:692) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InjectionMetadata.inject(InjectionMetadata.java:127) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessProperties(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:481) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1397) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:598) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:521) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.lambda$doGetBean$0(AbstractBeanFactory.java:326) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:234) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:324) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:200) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:961) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:915) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:584) at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.refresh(SpringApplication.java:730) at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.refreshContext(SpringApplication.java:432) at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:308) at org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootContextLoader.lambda$loadContext$3(SpringBootContextLoader.java:137) at org.springframework.util.function.ThrowingSupplier.get(ThrowingSupplier.java:59) at org.springframework.util.function.ThrowingSupplier.get(ThrowingSupplier.java:47) at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.withHook(SpringApplication.java:1386) at org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootContextLoader$ContextLoaderHook.run(SpringBootContextLoader.java:543) at org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootContextLoader.loadContext(SpringBootContextLoader.java:137) at org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootContextLoader.loadContext(SpringBootContextLoader.java:108) at org.springframework.test.context.cache.DefaultCacheAwareContextLoaderDelegate.loadContextInternal(DefaultCacheAwareContextLoaderDelegate.java:184) at org.springframework.test.context.cache.DefaultCacheAwareContextLoaderDelegate.loadContext(DefaultCacheAwareContextLoaderDelegate.java:118)... 72 more Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type 'com.learning.microservices.userservice.Service.ConsumerService' available: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)} at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.raiseNoMatchingBeanFound(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1812) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1371) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1325) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.resolveFieldValue(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:709)... 97 more

Answer 1

@Mock和@MockBean的區別很簡單，就是@MockBean注解了一個object，注入到Spring 上下文中，在測試中作為bean使用，也是mock。 @MockBean擴展了@Mock的功能，與Spring 框架無關。

您的Service測試與 Spring 無關- 您只需查看 class 的導入即可驗證這一點org.springframework package 中沒有一個導入。在這里使用@Mock本身就很好. MockitoExtension和@InjectMocks的組合負責模擬的生命周期。 創建模擬實例並將其注入測試對象 ( consumerService )。 Spring 上下文未創建。

在Controller測試的情況下，您正在使用與 Spring 相關的類，尤其是MockMvc和@WebMvcTest - 由於后者，第一個自動注入， @WebMvcTest WebMvcTest 為 web 層處理設置 Spring 上下文。 掃描了 Controller 個類並創建了 bean，因此在MockMvc上執行的請求可以訪問端點。 這里的重要部分是其他組件（層）不會自動掃描和注入。 這就是錯誤狀態的原因：

創建名為“consumerController”的 bean 時出錯：不滿足的依賴性 (...)

Spring 嘗試創建 controller bean，但找不到服務 bean。 @MockBean通知 Spring 應創建模擬並將其用作 bean。 這就是使用此注釋的測試有效的原因 - 可以正確創建 Spring 上下文並且可以注入 bean。 其中一些（服務）作為模擬。

有關詳細信息，請參閱以下描述和示例：測試 Spring 文檔中的 Web 層。

此外，您可以在此處找到使用@TestConfiguration以編程方式創建的間諜 bean 的示例。 這類似於使用@SpyBean注釋，但可以在一些更復雜的情況下提供幫助，這里值得注意。 簡化： @TestConfiguration和mock工作類似於@MockBean ，這使得 Spring 測試配置更容易。