在SQL中檢測循環引用

Question

我有下表：

CREATE TABLE X (
    A SOMETYPE NOT NULL,
    B SOMETYPE NOT NULL,
    C SOMETYPE NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (A,B),
    FOREIGN KEY (A,C) REFERENCES X (A,B)
);

存儲在X中的實體按層次結構組織：如果存在行(A1,B1,C1)且C1 IS NOT NULL那么無論C2是什么(A1,C1,C2)它都被認為是(A1,C1,C2)的“子”。 由於項目不能自行下降，我想將循環分層序列存在為非法：

-- legal
INSERT INTO X (A1,B1,NULL);
INSERT INTO X (A1,B2,B1);
INSERT INTO X (A1,B3,B2);
INSERT INTO X (A1,B4,B2);

-- currently legal, but I want to make it illegal
UPDATE X SET C = B1 WHERE B = B1;  /* B1-B1 */
UPDATE X SET C = B2 WHERE B = B1;  /* B1-B2-B1 */
UPDATE X SET C = B3 WHERE B = B1;  /* B1-B2-B3-B1 */
UPDATE X SET C = B4 WHERE B = B1;  /* B1-B2-B4-B1 */
UPDATE X SET C = B2 WHERE B = B2;  /* B2-B2 */
UPDATE X SET C = B3 WHERE B = B2;  /* B2-B3-B2 */
UPDATE X SET C = B4 WHERE B = B2;  /* B2-B4-B2 */
UPDATE X SET C = B3 WHERE B = B3;  /* B3-B3 */
UPDATE X SET C = B4 WHERE B = B4;  /* B4-B4 */

我該怎么做呢？

---

或者，我可以在表中添加一個表示層次結構中“級別”的字段：

CREATE TABLE X (
    A SOMETYPE NOT NULL,
    B SOMETYPE NOT NULL,
    C SOMETYPE NULL,
    LEVEL INT NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (A,B),
    FOREIGN KEY (A,C) REFERENCES X (A,B)
);

然后我想要求當C IS NULL時LEVEL為0 ，否則parent's LEVEL + 1 。

---

我正在使用SQL Server 2008 R2。

Answer 1

要檢查循環引用，我使用了觸發器和遞歸CTE：

CREATE TRIGGER trgIU_X_CheckCircularReferences
ON dbo.X
AFTER INSERT, UPDATE 
AS
BEGIN   
    SET NOCOUNT ON;
    DECLARE @Results TABLE ([Exists] BIT);

    WITH CteHierarchy
    AS
    (
        SELECT  x.A, x.B, X.C, 1 AS [Type]
        FROM    inserted i
        JOIN    X x ON i.A = x.A AND i.C = x.B
        UNION ALL
        SELECT  x.A, x.B, X.C, 2 AS [Type]
        FROM    CteHierarchy i
        JOIN    X x ON i.A = x.A AND i.C = x.B
        WHERE   NOT EXISTS 
        (
                SELECT  *
                FROM    inserted a
                WHERE   a.A = x.A AND a.B = x.B
        )   
    )
    INSERT  @Results ([Exists])
    SELECT  TOP(1) 1
    FROM    CteHierarchy h
    JOIN    X x ON h.A = x.A AND h.C = x.B
    OPTION(MAXRECURSION 1000);

    IF EXISTS(SELECT * FROM @Results)
    BEGIN
        ROLLBACK;
        RAISERROR('Circular references detected', 16, 1);
    END
END
GO

現在，我們可以運行一些測試：

--Test 1 - OK
PRINT '*****Test 1 - OK*****';
SELECT * FROM X;

BEGIN TRANSACTION;

UPDATE  X 
SET     C = 'B1'
WHERE   B = 'B4';

SELECT * FROM X;

--This transaction can be commited without problems
--but I will cancel all modification so we can run the second test
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION;
PRINT '*****End of test 1*****';    
GO

--Test 2 - NOT OK
PRINT '*****Test 2 - NOT OK*****';
SELECT * FROM X;

BEGIN TRANSACTION;

UPDATE  X 
SET     C = 'B1'
WHERE   B = 'B1';

--Useless in this case (test 2 & test 3)
--Read section [If a ROLLBACK TRANSACTION is issued in a trigger] from http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms181299.aspx
SELECT * FROM X;
--Useless
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION;
--Useless
PRINT '*****End of test 2*****';        
GO

PRINT '*****Test 3 - NOT OK*****';
SELECT * FROM X;

BEGIN TRANSACTION;

UPDATE  X 
SET     C = 'B4'
WHERE   B = 'B1';
GO

結果：

*****Test 1 - OK*****

(4 row(s) affected)

(0 row(s) affected)

(1 row(s) affected)

(4 row(s) affected)
*****End of test 1*****
*****Test 2 - NOT OK*****

(4 row(s) affected)

(1 row(s) affected)
Msg 50000, Level 16, State 1, Procedure trgIU_X_CheckCircularReferences, Line 34
Circular references detected
Msg 3609, Level 16, State 1, Line 8
The transaction ended in the trigger. The batch has been aborted.
*****Test 3 - NOT OK*****

(4 row(s) affected)

(1 row(s) affected)
Msg 50000, Level 16, State 1, Procedure trgIU_X_CheckCircularReferences, Line 34
Circular references detected
Msg 3609, Level 16, State 1, Line 7
The transaction ended in the trigger. The batch has been aborted.

對於第二個測試，您可以看到此觸發器如何取消（ ROLLBACK TRANSACTION ）事務，並且在UPDATE之后，沒有執行任何操作（在當前批處理中 ）。