MYSQL：如果一個連接的行匹配條件，則排除多個行

Question

我有兩張桌子。 一個是用戶，其中包含字段uid和名稱。 另一個表是users_roles，其中包含字段uid和rid（role id）。

我想要檢索沒有任何一組提供的角色的用戶列表。

例如：

uid | name
----------
1   | BOB
2   | DAVE
3   | JOHN

USERS_ROLES：

uid | rid
---------
1   | 1
1   | 2
1   | 3
2   | 1
3   | 1

我希望能夠只查詢沒有一組rids的用戶。 例如，排除rid 2和3的查詢應該返回DAVE和JOHN，或者排除rids（1,3）的查詢應該返回nobody。

Answer 1

使用反連接模式的查詢有時是最有效的：

SELECT u.uid
     , u.name
  FROM users u
  LEFT
  JOIN users_roles r
    ON r.uid = u.uid
   AND r.rid IN (2,3)
 WHERE r.uid IS NULL

反連接模式是LEFT [outer] JOIN user_roles表以拉回所有匹配的行，AND來從沒有匹配行的users獲取行。 “技巧”是在WHERE子句中使用謂詞排除所有匹配行，從而消除具有匹配項的用戶的所有行。

使用NOT EXISTS相關子查詢可以獲得等效的結果集：

SELECT u.uid
     , u.name
  FROM users u
 WHERE NOT EXISTS 
       ( SELECT 1 
           FROM users_roles r
          WHERE r.uid = u.uid
            AND r.rid IN (2,3)
       )

另一種方法是使用NOT IN ，盡管有時效率較低。 性能取決於許多因素。 優化器可以為每個查詢生成不同的執行計划。

在任何情況下，為了獲得最佳性能，您需要一個索引... ON users_roles (uid)或ON users_roles (uid,rid) 。

---

跟進：

我的MySQL 5.1.34服務器上的性能測試表明，反連接查詢的速度幾乎是等效的NOT EXISTS和NOT IN查詢的兩倍。 （1.091秒對2.066秒和2.020秒）

-- setup and populate test tables
CREATE TABLE t_users
( uid    INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
, `name` VARCHAR(50)
) ENGINE=INNODB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 ;

CREATE TABLE t_users_roles
( uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL
, rid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL
, PRIMARY KEY (uid,rid)
) ENGINE=INNODB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

ALTER TABLE t_users_roles ADD CONSTRAINT FK_t_users_roles_t_users FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES t_users (uid);

CREATE INDEX t_users_ix1 ON t_users (uid,`name`);

CREATE INDEX t_users_roles_ix1 ON t_users_roles (rid,uid);

INSERT INTO t_users (uid,`name`)
SELECT d.d*100000+e.d*10000+u.d*1000+h.d*100+t.d*10+o.d+1 AS uid
     , CONCAT('NAME',LPAD(d.d*100000+e.d*10000+u.d*1000+h.d*100+t.d*10+o.d+1,8,'-')) AS `name`
  FROM (SELECT 0 AS d UNION ALL SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2 UNION ALL SELECT 3 UNION ALL SELECT 4 UNION ALL SELECT 5 UNION ALL SELECT 6 UNION ALL SELECT 7 UNION ALL SELECT 8 UNION ALL SELECT 9) o
  JOIN (SELECT 0 AS d UNION ALL SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2 UNION ALL SELECT 3 UNION ALL SELECT 4 UNION ALL SELECT 5 UNION ALL SELECT 6 UNION ALL SELECT 7 UNION ALL SELECT 8 UNION ALL SELECT 9) t
  JOIN (SELECT 0 AS d UNION ALL SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2 UNION ALL SELECT 3 UNION ALL SELECT 4 UNION ALL SELECT 5 UNION ALL SELECT 6 UNION ALL SELECT 7 UNION ALL SELECT 8 UNION ALL SELECT 9) h
  JOIN (SELECT 0 AS d UNION ALL SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2 UNION ALL SELECT 3 UNION ALL SELECT 4 UNION ALL SELECT 5 UNION ALL SELECT 6 UNION ALL SELECT 7 UNION ALL SELECT 8 UNION ALL SELECT 9) u
  JOIN (SELECT 0 AS d UNION ALL SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2 UNION ALL SELECT 3 UNION ALL SELECT 4 UNION ALL SELECT 5 UNION ALL SELECT 6 UNION ALL SELECT 7 UNION ALL SELECT 8 UNION ALL SELECT 9) e
  JOIN (SELECT 0 AS d UNION ALL SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2 UNION ALL SELECT 3 UNION ALL SELECT 4 UNION ALL SELECT 5 UNION ALL SELECT 6 UNION ALL SELECT 7 UNION ALL SELECT 8 UNION ALL SELECT 9) d 
;

-- 1000000 row(s) affected.

INSERT INTO t_users_roles (uid,rid)
SELECT d.d*100000+e.d*10000+u.d*1000+h.d*100+t.d*10+o.d+1 AS uid
     , r.rid
  FROM (SELECT 1 AS rid UNION ALL SELECT 2 UNION ALL SELECT 3) r
 CROSS
  JOIN (SELECT 0 AS d UNION ALL SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2 UNION ALL SELECT 3 UNION ALL SELECT 4 UNION ALL SELECT 5 UNION ALL SELECT 6 UNION ALL SELECT 7 UNION ALL SELECT 8 UNION ALL SELECT 9) o
  JOIN (SELECT 0 AS d UNION ALL SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2 UNION ALL SELECT 3 UNION ALL SELECT 4 UNION ALL SELECT 5 UNION ALL SELECT 6 UNION ALL SELECT 7 UNION ALL SELECT 8 UNION ALL SELECT 9) t
  JOIN (SELECT 0 AS d UNION ALL SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2 UNION ALL SELECT 3 UNION ALL SELECT 4 UNION ALL SELECT 5 UNION ALL SELECT 6 UNION ALL SELECT 7 UNION ALL SELECT 8 UNION ALL SELECT 9) h
  JOIN (SELECT 0 AS d UNION ALL SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2 UNION ALL SELECT 3 UNION ALL SELECT 4 UNION ALL SELECT 5 UNION ALL SELECT 6 UNION ALL SELECT 7 UNION ALL SELECT 8 UNION ALL SELECT 9) u
  JOIN (SELECT 0 AS d UNION ALL SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2 UNION ALL SELECT 3 UNION ALL SELECT 4 UNION ALL SELECT 5 UNION ALL SELECT 6 UNION ALL SELECT 7 UNION ALL SELECT 8 UNION ALL SELECT 9) e
  JOIN (SELECT 0 AS d UNION ALL SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2 UNION ALL SELECT 3 UNION ALL SELECT 4 UNION ALL SELECT 5 UNION ALL SELECT 6 UNION ALL SELECT 7 UNION ALL SELECT 8 UNION ALL SELECT 9) d
 WHERE (d.d*100000+e.d*10000+u.d*1000+h.d*100+t.d*10+o.d+1) % 100000 <> 0
;
-- 2999970 row(s) affected

OPTIMIZE TABLE t_users;
OPTIMIZE TABLE t_users_roles;

SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Qcache_hits' ;
-- Variable_name  Value    
-- -------------  ---------
-- Qcache_hits    1117342  

SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'version' ; 
-- Variable_name  Value       
-- -------------  ------------
-- version        5.1.53-log

-- table size from the file system
$ du -sh DATA/test/t_users*.ibd
72M     DATA/test/t_users.ibd
133M    DATA/test/t_users_roles.ibd


-- anti-join query
SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE u.uid
     , u.name
  FROM t_users u
  LEFT
  JOIN t_users_roles r
    ON r.uid = u.uid
   AND r.rid IN (2,3)
 WHERE r.uid IS NULL ;

-- Exec: 1.095 sec
-- Exec: 1.090 sec
-- Exec: 1.091 sec
-- Exec: 1.087 sec
-- Exec: 1.090 sec
-- avg 5 executions: 1.091 sec    


-- not exists query
SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE u.uid
     , u.name
  FROM t_users u
 WHERE NOT EXISTS
       ( SELECT 1
           FROM t_users_roles r
          WHERE r.uid = u.uid
            AND r.rid IN (2,3)
       ) ;

-- Exec: 2.071 sec
-- Exec: 2.066 sec
-- Exec: 2.059 sec
-- Exec: 2.065 sec
-- Exec: 2.070 sec
-- avg 5 executions: 2.066 sec

-- not in query
SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE u.uid
     , u.name
  FROM t_users u
 WHERE u.uid NOT IN
       ( SELECT r.uid
           FROM t_users_roles r
          WHERE r.uid IS NOT NULL
            AND r.rid IN (2,3)
       ) ;

-- Exec: 2.022 sec 
-- Exec: 2.023 sec 
-- Exec: 2.014 sec
-- Exec: 2.026 sec
-- Exec: 2.016 sec
-- avg 5 executions: 2.020 sec

SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Qcache_hits' ;
-- Variable_name  Value    
-- -------------  ---------
-- Qcache_hits    1117342  

EXPLAIN output for three statements:

-- ANTI JOIN
id  select_type         table   type            possible_keys              key          key_len  ref       rows   filtered  Extra                                 
--  ------------------  ------  --------------  -------------------------  -----------  -------  -----  -------  --------  ------------------------------------
 1  SIMPLE              u       index                                      t_users_ix1  57              1000423    100.00  Using index
 1  SIMPLE              r       ref             PRIMARY,t_users_roles_ix1  PRIMARY      4        u.uid        1    100.00  Using where; Using index; Not exists

-- NOT EXISTS
id  select_type         table   type            possible_keys              key          key_len  ref       rows  filtered  Extra                     
--  ------------------  ------  --------------  -------------------------  -----------  -------  -----  -------  --------  --------------------------
 1  PRIMARY             u       index                                      t_users_ix1  57              1000423    100.00  Using where; Using index
 2  DEPENDENT SUBQUERY  r       ref             PRIMARY,t_users_roles_ix1  PRIMARY      4        u.uid        1    100.00  Using where; Using index

-- NOT IN
id  select_type         table   type            possible_keys              key          key_len  ref        rows  filtered  Extra                     
--  ------------------  ------  --------------  -------------------------  -----------  -------  ------  -------  --------  --------------------------
 1  PRIMARY             u       index                                      t_users_ix1  57               1000423    100.00  Using where; Using index
 2  DEPENDENT SUBQUERY  r       index_subquery  PRIMARY,t_users_roles_ix1  PRIMARY      4        func          1    100.00  Using index; Using where

Answer 2

您正在尋找NOT IN查詢：

MySQL“NOT IN”查詢

SELECT name 
FROM users 
WHERE uid NOT IN (SELECT uid FROM Users_roles WHERE rid = 2 OR rid = 3)

Answer 3

查詢會給你他們失蹤的名字都完整列表rid 。

SELECT  a.*, b.rid
FROM    users a CROSS JOIN
        (SELECT DISTINCT rid FROM users_roles) b
        LEFT JOIN USERS_ROLES c
            ON a.uid = c.uid AND 
                b.rid = c.rid
WHERE   c.rid IS NULL
        -- AND other conditions

• SQLFiddle演示