C# 动态类型问题

Question

I just ran into the strangest thing and I'm a bit mind = blown at the moment...

The following program compiles fine but when you run it you get a RuntimeBinderException when you try to read Value . 'object' does not contain a definition for 'Value'

class Program
{
    interface IContainer
    {
        int Value { get; }
    }

    class Factory
    {
        class Empty : IContainer
        {
            public int Value
            {
                get { return 0; }
            }
        }

        static IContainer nullObj = new Empty();

        public IContainer GetContainer()
        {
            return nullObj;
        }
    }

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        dynamic factory = new Factory();
        dynamic container = factory.GetContainer();
        var num0 = container.Value; // WTF!? RuntimeBinderException, really?
    }
}

Here's the mind blowing part. Move the nested type Factory+Empty outside of the Factory class, like so:

class Empty : IContainer
{
    public int Value
    {
        get { return 0; }
    }
}

class Factory...

And the program runs just fine, anyone care to explain why that is?

EDIT

In my adventure of coding I of course did something I should have thought about first. That's why you see me rambling a bit about the difference between class private and internal. This was because I had set the InternalsVisibleToAttribute which made my test project (which was consuming the bits in this instance) behave the way they did, which was all by design, although alluding me from the start.

Read Eric Lippert's answer for a good explanation of the rest.

What caught me really of guard was that the dynamic binder takes the visibility of the type of the instance in mind. I have a lot of JavaScript experience and as a JavaScript programmer where there really isn't such a thing as public or private, I was completely fooled by the fact that the visibility mattered, I mean after all, I was accessing this member as if it was of the public interface type (I thought dynamic was simply syntactic sugar for reflection) but the dynamic binder cannot make such an assumption unless you give it a hint, using a simple cast.

Answer 1

The fundamental principle of "dynamic" in C# is: at runtime do the type analysis of the expression as though the runtime type had been the compile time type . So let's see what would happen if we actually did that:

    dynamic num0 = ((Program.Factory.Empty)container).Value;

That program would fail because Empty is not accessible. dynamic will not allow you to do an analysis that would have been illegal in the first place.

However, the runtime analyzer realizes this and decides to cheat a little. It asks itself "is there a base class of Empty that is accessible?" and the answer is obviously yes. So it decides to fall back to the base class and analyzes:

    dynamic num0 = ((System.Object)container).Value;

Which fails because that program would give you an "object doesn't have a member called Value" error. Which is the error you are getting.

The dynamic analysis never says "oh, you must have meant"

    dynamic num0 = ((Program.IContainer)container).Value;

because of course if that's what you had meant, that's what you would have written in the first place . Again, the purpose of dynamic is to answer the question what would have happened had the compiler known the runtime type , and casting to an interface doesn't give you the runtime type.

When you move Empty outside then the dynamic runtime analyzer pretends that you wrote:

    dynamic num0 = ((Empty)container).Value;

And now Empty is accessible and the cast is legal, so you get the expected result.

---

UPDATE:

can compile that code into an assembly, reference this assembly and it will work if the Empty type is outside of the class which would make it internal by default

I am unable to reproduce the described behaviour. Let's try a little example:

public class Factory
{
    public static Thing Create()
    {
        return new InternalThing();
    }
}
public abstract class Thing {}
internal class InternalThing : Thing
{
    public int Value {get; set;}
}

---

> csc /t:library bar.cs

---

class P
{
    static void Main ()
    {
        System.Console.WriteLine(((dynamic)(Factory.Create())).Value);
    }
}

---

> csc foo.cs /r:bar.dll
> foo
Unhandled Exception: Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.RuntimeBinderException: 
'Thing' does not contain a definition for 'Value'

---

And you see how this works: the runtime binder has detected that InternalThing is internal to the foreign assembly, and therefore is inaccessible in foo.exe. So it falls back to the public base type, Thing , which is accessible but does not have the necessary property.

I'm unable to reproduce the behaviour you describe, and if you can reproduce it then you've found a bug. If you have a small repro of the bug I am happy to pass it along to my former colleagues.

Answer 2

I guess, at runtime, container method calls are just resolved in the private Empty class, which makes your code fail. As far as I know, dynamic can not be used to access private members (or public members of private class)

This should (of course) work :

var num0 = ((IContainer)container).Value;

Here, it is class Empty which is private : so you can not manipulate Empty instances outside of the declaring class (factory). That's why your code fails.

If Empty were internal, you would be able to manipulate its instances accross the whole assembly, (well, not really because Factory is private) making all dynamic calls allowed, and your code work.