如何使用python的Selenium WebDriver在浏览器上打开一个新的window？

Question

I am attempting to open a new tab OR a new window in a browser using selenium for python. It is of little importance if a new tab or new window is opened, it is only important that a second instance of the browser is opened.

I have tried several different methods already and none have succeeded.

1. Switching to a window that does not exist with hopes that it would then open a new window upon failure to locate said window:

   driver.switch_to_window(None)

2. Iterating through open windows (although there is currently only one)

    for handle in driver.window_handles: driver.switch_to_window(handle)

3. Attempting to simulate a keyboard key press

   from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys driver.send_keys(Keys.CONTROL + 'T')

The problem with this one in particular was that it does not seem possible to send keys directly to the browser, only to a specific element like this:

driver.find_element_by_id('elementID').send_keys(Keys.CONTROL + 'T')

However, when a command such as this is sent to an element, it appears to do absolutely nothing. I attempted to locate the topmost HTML element on the page and send the keys to that, but was again met with failure:

driver.find_element_by_id('wrapper').send_keys(Keys.CONTROL + 'T')

Another version of this I found online, and was not able to verify its validity or lack thereof because I'm not sure what class/module which needs importing

act = ActionChains(driver)
act.key_down(browserKeys.CONTROL)
act.click("").perform()
act.key_up(browserKeys.CONTROL)

Something very similar with different syntax (I'm not sure if one or both of these is correct syntax)

actions.key_down(Keys.CONTROL)
element.send_keys('t')
actions.key_up(Keys.CONTROL)

Answer 1

How about you do something like this

driver = webdriver.Firefox() #First FF window
second_driver = webdriver.Firefox() #The new window you wanted to open

Depending on which window you want to interact with, you send commands accordingly

print driver.title #to interact with the first driver
print second_driver.title #to interact with the second driver

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For all down voters:

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The OP asked for " it is only important that a second instance of the browser is opened. ". This answer does not encompass ALL possible requirements of each and everyone's use cases. The other answers below may suit your particular need.

Answer 2

You can use execute_script to open new window.

driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.get("https://linkedin.com")
# open new tab
driver.execute_script("window.open('https://twitter.com')")
print driver.current_window_handle

# Switch to new window
driver.switch_to.window(driver.window_handles[-1])
print " Twitter window should go to facebook "
print "New window ", driver.title
driver.get("http://facebook.com")
print "New window ", driver.title

# Switch to old window
driver.switch_to.window(driver.window_handles[0])
print " Linkedin should go to gmail "
print "Old window ", driver.title
driver.get("http://gmail.com")
print "Old window ", driver.title

# Again new window
driver.switch_to.window(driver.window_handles[1])
print " Facebook window should go to Google "
print "New window ", driver.title
driver.get("http://google.com")
print "New window ", driver.title

Answer 3

I recommend to use CTRL + N command on Firefox to reduce less memory usage than to create new browser instances.

import selenium.webdriver as webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

browser = webdriver.Firefox()
body = browser.find_element_by_tag_name('body')
body.send_keys(Keys.CONTROL + 'n')

The way to switch and control windows has already been mentioned by Dhiraj .

Answer 4

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.execute_script("window.open('');")
driver.get('first url')

driver.switch_to.window(driver.window_handles[1])
driver.get('second url')

Answer 5

 driver.switch_to.new_window()

will open a new window.

Then you can search the web

driver.get("https://google.com")

Answer 6

In JavaScript, there's no distinction between window and tab.

driver.window_handles consider both the same.

However, if it's necessary to open a new window, there are a few methods: _{(see [3] for the required imports)}

1. Emulate ctrl+N. Doesn't work in new versions . See this comment .

    ( ActionChains(driver).key_down(Keys.CONTROL).send_keys('n').key_up(Keys.CONTROL).perform() )

   or

   body = driver.find_element_by_tag_name('body') body.send_keys(Keys.CONTROL + 'n')

2. Hold shift, and click at a link on the page -- only works if there's any link on the page.

    ( ActionChains(driver).key_down(Keys.SHIFT).click(driver.find_element_by_tag_name("a")).key_up(Keys.SHIFT).perform() )

   If there isn't any, it's possible to create one... (modifies the current page!)

    driver.execute_script('''{ let element=document.createElement("a"); element.href="about:home"; element.id="abc" element.text="1"; document.body.appendChild(element); element.scrollIntoView(); }''') ( ActionChains(driver).key_down(Keys.SHIFT).click(driver.find_element_by_id("abc")).key_up(Keys.SHIFT).perform() )

   ... or navigate to a page with one. (if you do this at the start of the session, or open a new tab to do this and close it later, it isn't a problem)

    driver.get("data:text/html,<a href=about:blank>1</a>") ( ActionChains(driver).key_down(Keys.SHIFT).click(driver.find_element_by_tag_name("a")).key_up(Keys.SHIFT).perform() )

   Looks like a hack.

3. (for Firefox) Turn off the "Open links in tabs instead of new windows" option , then execute window.open() .

   From Settings to open browser links in new tab, and external links in new window | Firefox Support Forum | Mozilla Support and Browser.link.open_newwindow - MozillaZine Knowledge Base :

   browser.link.open_newwindow - for links in Firefox tabs

   3 = divert new window to a new tab (default)
   2 = allow link to open a new window
   1 = force new window into same tab

   This option should be set to 2. [2]

   Note that, according to https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/issues/2106#issuecomment-320238039-permalink it's not possible to set the option with FirefoxProfile [1].

    options=webdriver.FirefoxOptions() options.set_preference("browser.link.open_newwindow", 2) driver=Firefox(firefox_options=options) driver.execute_script("window.open()")

4. For Selenium 4.0.0 ( pre-release . At the moment you can install it with for example pip install selenium==4.0.0b4 ) it's possible to do:

    driver.execute( selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command.NEW_WINDOW, {"type": "window"} )

   Technique taken from this answer .

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[1]: In the current version, for some reason, this works and set browser.link.open_newwindow to 2

fp = webdriver.FirefoxProfile()
fp.set_preference("browser.link.open_newwindow", 3)
fp.default_preferences["browser.link.open_newwindow"]=3
fp.DEFAULT_PREFERENCES["browser.link.open_newwindow"]=3
driver=Firefox(firefox_profile=fp)

while this keeps the option value at 3

driver=Firefox()

[2]: If the value is set to 3 , window.open() will open in a new tab instead of a new window.

[3]: All required imports:

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import Firefox, FirefoxProfile
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains

[4]: this answer only covers how to open a new window. For switching to that new window and back, use WebDriverWait and driver.switch_to.window(driver.window_handles[i]) . Refer to https://stackoverflow.com/a/51893230/5267751 for more details.