[英]Polymorphism with 3 classes in C++
The following code prints 1 2, but I would expect it to print 1 1. 以下代码打印1 2,但我希望它打印1 1。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
virtual void f() { cout << "0" << endl; }
};
class B : public A{
public:
void f() { cout << "1" << endl; }
};
class C : public B{
public:
void f() { cout << "2" << endl; }
};
int main() {
A *pa = new B();
B *pb = new C();
pa->f();
pb->f();
}
In my understanding, pa->f() executes B's f() function since A's is virtual, but why does pb->f() execute C's f() function when B's f() is not virtual. 根据我的理解,pa-> f()执行B的f()函数,因为A是虚拟的,但是当B的f()不是虚拟时,为什么pb-> f()执行C的f()函数。
Additionally, if I remove 'virtual' from class A, it prints 0 1, which makes sense because A and B execute their own f() functions since they aren't virtual. 另外,如果我从A类中删除'virtual',它会打印0 1,这是有道理的,因为A和B执行它们自己的f()函数,因为它们不是虚拟的。 How come pb->f() changes if it isn't affected since it's only A that changes? 如果pb-> f()没有受到影响,怎么会改变,因为只有A会发生变化?
but why does pb->f() execute C's f() function when B's f() is not virtual. 但是当B的f()不是虚拟的时候,为什么pb-> f()执行C的f()函数。
Because the dynamic type of pb
is C
and C::f
is indeed virtual. 因为pb
的动态类型是C
而C::f
确实是虚拟的。 When you declare 当你申报时
virtual void f();
in the base class, every other void f()
of the derived classes in the hierarchy is also virtual, as per §10.3/2: 在基类中,层次结构中派生类的每个其他void f()
也是虚拟的,如§10.3/ 2所示:
If a virtual member function vf is declared in a class Base and in a class Derived, derived directly or indirectly from Base, a member function vf with the same name, parameter-type-list (8.3.5), cv-qualification, and ref- qualifier (or absence of same) as Base::vf is declared, then Derived::vf is also virtual (whether or not it is so declared) and it overrides112 Base::vf. 如果虚拟成员函数vf在类Base和Derived类中声明, 直接或间接从Base派生,则具有相同名称的成员函数vf,parameter-type-list(8.3.5),cv-qualification和声明了Base :: vf的ref-限定符(或不存在),然后Derived :: vf也是虚拟的(无论是否如此声明)并且它覆盖了112 Base :: vf。
(emphasis mine) (强调我的)
In fact: 事实上:
class A {
public:
virtual void f() { cout << "0" << endl; }
};
class B : public A{
public:
virtual void f() { cout << "1" << endl; }
};
class C : public B{
public:
virtual void f() { cout << "2" << endl; }
};
is equivalent to your code. 相当于你的代码。 It just so happens that the C++ standard allows virtual
to be omitted in those cases. 碰巧的是,C ++标准允许在这些情况下省略virtual
。
这是因为在子类中编写虚拟关键字不是必需的,它只是提高了可读性。
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