Objective-C类方法

Question

My header class looks like:

#import "Card.h"

@interface PlayingCard : Card

@property (strong, nonatomic) NSString *suit;
@property (nonatomic) NSUInteger rank;

+ (NSArray *) validSuits;
+ (NSUInteger) maxRank;

@end

And my implementation:

@implementation PlayingCard

+ (NSArray *) validSuits
{
    return @[@"♥︎", @"♣︎", @"♦︎", @"♠︎"];
}

+ (NSArray *) rankStrings
{
    return @[@"?", @"1", @"2", @"3", @"4"];
}

- (void)setSuit:(NSString *)suit
{
    if ([[PlayingCard validSuits] containsObject:suit])
    {
        _suit = suit;
    }
}

- (NSString *)suit
{
    return _suit ? _suit : @"?"; // if suit !nil return suit, else return ? string.
}

+ (NSUInteger)maxRank
{
    return [[self rankStrings] count] - 1;
}


@end

So I understand that any method with a + means it's a Class method.

My question is, why must I use [PlayingCard classMethod] eg [PlayingCard validSuits] in the setSuit method whereas I can use [self classMethod] eg [self rankStrings] in the maxRank method?

I'm assuming it's something to do with the maxRank method being a class method whereas setSuit isn't. But could it be because setSuit is a setter?

I really don't know, I can't visualise what's going on here. I've only just started my foray into Objective-C and am coming from a Java background.

I have realised I can substitute PlayingCard in for self in the maxRank method without any error messages, however substituting self in for PlayingCard in the setSuit method gives me an error saying

No visible @interface for 'PlayingCard' declares the selector for 'validSuits'

Any explanation as to why this is the case and what's going on would be great. Thanks!

Answer 1

The meaning of self in methods

Every Objective-C method receives an implicit self argument. Instance methods receive the instance, while class methods receive the class object (remember: classes are objects).

If you want to send a class method, the compiler lets you use two types of syntax:

1. [ClassName classMethod]
2. [classObjectPtr classMethod]

The first syntax is used in [PlayingCard maxRank] . Here, the target is (explicitly) the PlayingCard class.

A class method already has a class object as a target for sending class methods: the self argument. So they can use [self classMethod] to send other class methods.

Why sending a message to self in class methods?

The advantage of the latter is that the class is not explicitly named. This makes it possible to override class methods in subclasses and call them from base classes.

You basically get the same dynamic method dispatch as with instance methods. This is actually a nice feature of Objective-C not present in Java or C++.

Instance methods would use the dynamic version by accessing their class and sending the message to that:

- (void)setSuit:(NSString *)suit
{
    if ([[[self class] validSuits] containsObject:suit])
    {
        _suit = suit;
    }
}

Now an imaginary subclass of PlayingCard could override the class method validSuits and implicitly alter the behavior of setSuit: .

Answer 2

self can be an instance or a class depending on the type of method declared.

- (void)setSuit: is an instance method, thus self is an instance inside this method declaration.

+ (NSUInteger)maxRank is a class method, thus self is a class inside inside this method declaration.

+ (void)classMethod;

- (void)instanceMethod;

- (void)setSuit
{   // self is an instance here
    [self classMethod]; // warning, class method sent to instance
    [self instanceMethod]; // works, instance method sent to instance
}

+ (NSUInteger)maxRank
{   // self is a class here
    [self classMethod]; // works, class method sent to class
    [self instanceMethod]; // warning, instance method sent to class
}

You tried to called a "class method" on self inside an instance method where self in an "instance".

Answer 3

In a class method, self refers to the class (it refers to an object that represents the class that obj-c runtime creates for you), so you can use it to call class level method.

In an instance method, self refers to the instance. If you want to call class level method in an instance method, you need to use the class name instead.

Java analogy of obj-c class methods is the static method. Java's this keyword is similar to self , except it can't be used to refer to a class.

Answer 4

setSuit is an instance method, and validSuits is a class method. However, both maxRank and rankStrings are class methods. Class methods are basically the same as static methods in C++