Python，RuntimeError：字典在迭代过程中更改了大小

Question

I'm trying to create a sort of residual network from a given network, for that I'm first creating the reverse edges that doesn't exist in the graph, but I keep getting the message

RuntimeError: dictionary changed size during iteration

First I was obviously iterating over an object that was being modified during the loop:

def Gf(Graph):    #residual graph
 for u in Graph:
    for v in Graph[u]:
        if u in Graph[v]: 
            pass
        else:
            Graph[v][u]=0 #create the edge with capacity 0
 return Graph

Where the graph Graph is an object of the form (I'm new to python so I don't know if this is the best way to do it)

defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(lambda:0))

with values Graph[u][v] set to capacity of the edge u,v.

So I created a copy of Graph and tried to iterate over that object

def Gf(Graph):    #residual graph
 Graph_Copy=Graph.copy()
 for u in Graph_Copy:
    for v in Graph_Copy[u]:
        if u in Graph_Copy[v]: 
            pass
        else:
            Graph[v][u]=0 
 return Graph

But that didn't work. I tried some other ways (create a deepcopy; create an empty object Graph_Copy, iterate over Graph and then set adequate values to Graph_Copy) but no luck so far. What I'm doing wrong?

Answer 1

Honestly, I don't know exactly what is causing your exception. What I do know, however, is that it is a bad idea to use nested dictionaries to represent graphs. They are harder to iterate over, as you have discovered, and have more overhead. Instead, you should use a nested list.

If I understand your current data structure correctly, it can be represented as followed:

graph = {
    u0: {v0: 0, v1: 0, ... },
    u1: {v0: 0, v1: 0, ... },
    ...
}  # the curly brackets denote dictionaries

The better representation would be:

graph = [
    [0, 0, 0, ...],
    [0, 0, 0, ...],
    ...
]  # the brackets denote lists

This is the default way to encode the distance matrix ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_matrix ) representation of a graph. If you have coded in other languages like C/C++, then this is the equivalent of a 2-dimensional array.

Assuming that u & v are labels for your graph vertices, they can be represented as numerical values, ie 0 for the 1st node, 1 for the 2nd, and so on. Accessing the value of the edge uv would be as simple as doing graph[u][v] .

Now, let's assume that you have changed your code so that the graph G which has N vertices is represented as a nested list/2D array of size NxN, your function can be rewritten as followed:

def gf(g):  # python style guideline recommends lower case variable & function names
    vertices_count = len(g)  # get the size of the original graph
    gf = []   # initialize the new redidual graph
    for u in range(vertices_count):
        gf.append([0]*vertices_count)  # initialize the edges
        for v in range(vertices_count):
            if g[u][v] > 0:
                # do something here if the value of edge u-v is more than zero, e.g. gf[u][v] = some formula
            else:
                # do something here if the value of edge u-v is zero,, e.g. gf[u][v] = 0
    return gf

Answer 2

The error is because you're using defaultdict . So what can look like a read-only operation, eg, Graph[u] , can actually add a key and change the dictionary size.

EDIT: Removed suggestion to use copy or deepcopy .