如何从同级模块导入？

Question

In src/lib.rs I have the following

extern crate opal_core;

mod functions;
mod context;
mod shader;

Then in src/context.rs I have something like this, which tries to import symbols from src/shader.rs :

use opal_core::shader::Stage;
use opal_core::shader::Shader as ShaderTrait;
use opal_core::GraphicsContext as GraphicsContextTrait;

use functions::*; // this import works fine
use shader::*; // this one doesn't

pub struct GraphicsContext {
    functions: Gl
}

fn shader_stage_to_int(stage: &Stage) -> u32 {
    match stage {
        &Stage::Vertex => VERTEX_SHADER,
        &Stage::Geometry => GEOMETRY_SHADER,
        &Stage::Fragment => FRAGMENT_SHADER,
    }
}

impl GraphicsContextTrait for GraphicsContext {

    /// Creates a shader object
    fn create_shader(&self, stage: Stage, source: &str) -> Box<ShaderTrait> {
        let id;

        unsafe {
            id = self.functions.CreateShader(shader_stage_to_int(&stage));
        }

        let shader = Shader {
            id: id,
            stage: stage,
            context: self
        };

        Box::new(shader)
    }
}

The problem is that the statement use shader::*; gives the error unresolved import .

I was reading the docs and they said that use statements always go from the root of the current crate ( opal_driver_gl ) so I thought shader::* should be importing opal_driver_gl::shader::* but it doesn't appear to do so. Do I need to use the self or super keywords here?

Thanks if you can help.

Answer 1

Note that the behavior of use has changed from Rust 2015 to Rust 2018. See What are the valid path roots in the use keyword? for details.

Rust 2018

To import a module on the same level, do the following:

random_file_0.rs

// Note how this is a public function. It has to be in order to be
// usable from other files (in this case `random_file_1.rs`)
pub fn do_something() -> bool {
    true
}

random_file_1.rs

use super::random_file_0;

#[test]
fn do_something_else() {
    assert!(random_file_0::do_something());
}

or an alternative random_file_1.rs :

use crate::random_file_0;

#[test]
fn do_something_else() {
    assert!(random_file_0::do_something());
}

lib.rs

mod random_file_0;
mod random_file_1;

SeeRust By Example for more information and examples. If that doesn't work, here is the code it shows:

fn function() {
    println!("called `function()`");
}

mod cool {
    pub fn function() {
        println!("called `cool::function()`");
    }
}

mod my {
    fn function() {
        println!("called `my::function()`");
    }

    mod cool {
        pub fn function() {
            println!("called `my::cool::function()`");
        }
    }

    pub fn indirect_call() {
        // Let's access all the functions named `function` from this scope!
        print!("called `my::indirect_call()`, that\n> ");

        // The `self` keyword refers to the current module scope - in this case `my`.
        // Calling `self::function()` and calling `function()` directly both give
        // the same result, because they refer to the same function.
        self::function();
        function();

        // We can also use `self` to access another module inside `my`:
        self::cool::function();

        // The `super` keyword refers to the parent scope (outside the `my` module).
        super::function();

        // This will bind to the `cool::function` in the *crate* scope.
        // In this case the crate scope is the outermost scope.
        {
            use cool::function as root_function;
            root_function();
        }
    }
}

fn main() {
    my::indirect_call();
}

Rust 2015

To import a module on the same level, do the following:

random_file_0.rs :

// Note how this is a public function. It has to be in order to be
// usable from other files (in this case `random_file_1.rs`)
pub fn do_something() -> bool {
    true
}

random_file_1.rs :

use super::random_file_0;

#[test]
fn do_something_else() {
    assert!(random_file_0::do_something());
}

or an alternative random_file_1.rs :

use ::random_file_0;

#[test]
fn do_something_else() {
    assert!(random_file_0::do_something());
}

lib.rs :

mod random_file_0;
mod random_file_1;

Here is another example from a previous version of Rust By Example:

fn function() {
    println!("called `function()`");
}

mod my {
    pub fn indirect_call() {
        // Let's access all the functions named `function` from this scope
        print!("called `my::indirect_call()`, that\n> ");

        // `my::function` can be called directly
        function();

        {
            // This will bind to the `cool::function` in the *crate* scope
            // In this case the crate scope is the outermost scope
            use cool::function as root_cool_function;

            print!("> ");
            root_cool_function();
        }

        {
            // `self` refers to the current module scope, in this case: `my`
            use self::cool::function as my_cool_function;

            print!("> ");
            my_cool_function();
        }

        {
            // `super` refers to the parent scope, i.e. outside of the `my`
            // module
            use super::function as root_function;

            print!("> ");
            root_function();
        }
    }

    fn function() {
        println!("called `my::function()`");
    }

    mod cool {
        pub fn function() {
            println!("called `my::cool::function()`");
        }
    }
}

mod cool {
    pub fn function() {
        println!("called `cool::function()`");
    }
}

fn main() {
    my::indirect_call();
}

Answer 2

Importing modules from directories/sub-directories is a little tricky actually. Spent 3 hours today on understanding this entirely as the documentation lacks for this one, otherwise Rust's docs are damn good. I've created a sample project that shows how to do it. https://github.com/amitstefen/rust_modules_example

These two files are the key-