（\\ f - > fmap f id）总是等同于arr吗？

Question

Some instances of Category are also instances of Functor . For example:

{-# LANGUAGE ExistentialQuantification, TupleSections #-}

import Prelude hiding (id, (.))
import Control.Category
import Control.Arrow

data State a b = forall s. State (s -> a -> (s, b)) s

apply :: State a b -> a -> b
apply (State f s) = snd . f s

assoc :: (a, (b, c)) -> ((a, b), c)
assoc (a, (b, c)) = ((a, b), c)

instance Category State where
    id = State (,) ()
    State g t . State f s = State (\(s, t) -> assoc . fmap (g t) . f s) (s, t)

(.:) :: (Functor f, Functor g) => (a -> b) -> f (g a) -> f (g b)
(.:) = fmap . fmap

instance Functor (State a) where
    fmap g (State f s) = State (fmap g .: f) s

instance Arrow State where
    arr f = fmap f id
    first (State f s) = State (\s (x, y) -> fmap (,y) (f s x)) s

Here arr f = fmap f id for instance Arrow State . Is this true for all instances of Category which are also instances of Functor ? The type signatures are:

arr               ::                 Arrow    a  => (b -> c) -> a b c
(\f -> fmap f id) :: (Functor (a t), Category a) => (b -> c) -> a b c

It seems to me that they should be equivalent.

Answer 1

First let's be clear what Arrow C means. Well, it's two quite separate things combined – in my book,

• The class of well-pointed monoidal categories .
• The class of categories which generalise Hask .

arr comes from the latter. “Generalise” Hask ? What this means is just to have a mapping from the category Hask to C . – And mathematically, mapping from one category to another is exactly what a functor does! (The standard Functor class actually covers only a very specific sort of functors, namely endofunctors on Hask .) arr is the morphism-aspect of a non-endofunctor, namely the “canonical embedding functor” Hask → C .

From this point of view, the first two arrow laws

arr id = id
arr (f >>> g) = arr f >>> arr g

are just the functor laws.

Now, what does it mean if you're implementing a Functor instance for a category? Why, I daresay it simply means you're expressing that same canonical embedding functor, but via the necessary representation of C back in Hask (which makes it an endofunctor overall). Hence I'd argue that yes, \\f -> fmap f id should be equivalent to arr , since basically they're two ways of expressing the same thing.

Answer 2

Here is a derivation to supplement leftaroundabout's explanation. For clarity, I will reserve (.) and id for (->) , and use (<<<) and id' for the general Category methods.

We begin with preComp , also known as (>>>) :

preComp :: Category y => y a b -> (y b c -> y a c)
preComp v = \u -> u <<< v

fmap commutes with natural transformations between Hask endofunctors. For a Category which also has a Functor instance, preComp v is a natural transformation (from yb to ya ), and so it commutes with fmap . It follows that:

fmap f . preComp v = preComp v . fmap f
fmap f (u <<< v) = fmap f u <<< v
fmap f (id' <<< v) = fmap f id' <<< v
fmap f v = fmap f id' <<< v

That's our candidate arr ! So let's define arr' f = fmap f id' . We can now verify that arr' follows the first arrow law...

-- arr id = id'
arr' id
fmap id id'
id'

... and the second one too:

-- arr (g . f) = arr g <<< arr f
arr' (g . f)
fmap (g . f) id'
(fmap g . fmap f) id'
fmap g (fmap f id')
fmap g (arr' f)
fmap g id' <<< arr' f -- Using the earlier result.
arr' g <<< arr' f

I suppose that is as far as we can get. The other five arrow laws involve first , and as leftaroundabout points out arr and first are independent.