R的MLR中的预测函数产生的结果与预测不一致

Question

I'm using the mlr package's framework to build a svm model to predict landcover classes in an image. I used the raster package's predict function and also converted the raster to a dataframe and then predicted on that dataframe using the "learner.model" as input. These methods gave me realistic results.

Work well:

> predict(raster, mod$learner.model)

or

> xy <- as.data.frame(raster, xy = T)

> C <- predict(mod$learner.model, xy)

However, if I predict on the dataframe derived from the raster without specifying the learner.model, the results are not the same.

> C2 <- predict(mod, newdata=xy)

C2$data$response is not identical to C. Why?

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Here is a reproducible example that demonstrates the problem:

> library(mlr)
 > library(kernlab)
 > x1 <- rnorm(50)
 > x2 <- rnorm(50, 3)
 > x3 <- rnorm(50, -20, 3)
 > C <- sample(c("a","b","c"), 50, T)
 > d <-  data.frame(x1, x2, x3, C)
 > classif <- makeClassifTask(id = "example", data = d, target = "C")
 > lrn <- makeLearner("classif.ksvm", predict.type = "prob", fix.factors.prediction = T)
 > t <- train(lrn, classif)

 Using automatic sigma estimation (sigest) for RBF or laplace kernel

 > res1 <- predict(t, newdata = data.frame(x2,x1,x3))
 > res1

 Prediction: 50 observations
 predict.type: prob
 threshold: a=0.33,b=0.33,c=0.33
 time: 0.01
      prob.a    prob.b    prob.c response
 1 0.2110131 0.3817773 0.4072095        c
 2 0.1551583 0.4066868 0.4381549        c
 3 0.4305353 0.3092737 0.2601910        a
 4 0.2160050 0.4142465 0.3697485        b
 5 0.1852491 0.3789849 0.4357659        c
 6 0.5879579 0.2269832 0.1850589        a

 > res2 <- predict(t$learner.model, data.frame(x2,x1,x3))
 > res2
  [1] c c a b c a b a c c b c b a c b c a a b c b c c a b b b a a b a c b a c c c
 [39] c a a b c b b b b a b b
 Levels: a b c
!> res1$data$response == res2
  [1]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE
 [13]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
 [25]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
 [37]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
 [49]  TRUE FALSE

The predictions are not identical. Following mlr's tutorial page on prediction, I don't see why the results would differ. Thanks for your help.

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Update: When I do the same with a random forest model, the two vectors are equal. Is this because SVM is scale dependent and random forest is not?

 > library(randomForest)

 > classif <- makeClassifTask(id = "example", data = d, target = "C")
 > lrn <- makeLearner("classif.randomForest", predict.type = "prob", fix.factors.prediction = T)
 > t <- train(lrn, classif)
 >
 > res1 <- predict(t, newdata = data.frame(x2,x1,x3))
 > res1
 Prediction: 50 observations
 predict.type: prob
 threshold: a=0.33,b=0.33,c=0.33
 time: 0.00
   prob.a prob.b prob.c response
 1  0.654  0.228  0.118        a
 2  0.742  0.090  0.168        a
 3  0.152  0.094  0.754        c
 4  0.092  0.832  0.076        b
 5  0.748  0.100  0.152        a
 6  0.680  0.098  0.222        a
 >
 > res2 <- predict(t$learner.model, data.frame(x2,x1,x3))
 > res2
  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
  a  a  c  b  a  a  a  c  a  b  b  b  b  c  c  a  b  b  a  c  b  a  c  c  b  c
 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
  a  a  b  a  c  c  c  b  c  b  c  a  b  c  c  b  c  b  c  a  c  c  b  b
 Levels: a b c
 >
 > res1$data$response == res2
  [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
 [16] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
 [31] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
 [46] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE

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Another Update: If I change predict.type to "response" from "prob", the two svm prediction vectors agree with each other. I'm going to look into the differences of these types, I had thought that "prob" gave the same results but also gave probabilities. Maybe this isn't the case?

Answer 1

As you found out, the source of the "error" is that mlr and kernlab have different defaults for the type of predictions.

mlr maintains quite a bit of internal "state" and checks for each learner with respect to parameters of that learner and how training and testing are handled. You can get the type of prediction a learner will make with lrn$predict.type , which in your case gives "prob" . If you want to know all the gory details, have a look at the implementation of classif.ksvm .

It is not recommended to mix mlr -wrapped learners and the "raw" learners like you do in the example and it shouldn't be necessary to do this. If you do mix them, things like you've found will happen -- so when using mlr , use only the mlr constructs to train models, make predictions, etc.

mlr does have test to make sure that the "raw" and the wrapped learner produce the same output, see eg the one for classif.ksvm .

Answer 2

The answer lies here:

Why are probabilities and response in ksvm in R not consistent?

In short, ksvm type = "probabilities" gives different results than type = "response".

If I run

 > res2 <- predict(t$learner.model, data.frame(x2,x1,x3), type = "probabilities")
 > res2

then I get the same result as res1 above (type = "response" was default).

Unfortunately it seems that classifying an image based on the probabilities doesn't do as well as using the "response". Maybe that is still the best way to estimate the certainty of a classification?