在 Rust 中检查字符串是否以某个字符开头的正确和惯用方法是什么？

Question

I want to check whether a string starts with some chars:

for line in lines_of_text.split("\n").collect::<Vec<_>>().iter() {
    let rendered = match line.char_at(0) {
        '#' => {
            // Heading
            Cyan.paint(*line).to_string()
        }
        '>' => {
            // Quotation
            White.paint(*line).to_string()
        }
        '-' => {
            // Inline list
            Green.paint(*line).to_string()
        }
        '`' => {
            // Code
            White.paint(*line).to_string()
        }
        _ => (*line).to_string(),
    };
    println!("{:?}", rendered);
}

I've used char_at , but it reports an error due to its instability.

main.rs:49:29: 49:39 error: use of unstable library feature 'str_char': frequently replaced by the chars() iterator, this method may be removed or possibly renamed in the future; it is normally replaced by chars/char_indices iterators or by getting the first char from a subslice (see issue #27754)
main.rs:49      let rendered = match line.char_at(0) {
                                      ^~~~~~~~~~

I'm currently using Rust 1.5

Answer 1

The error message gives useful hints on what to do:

frequently replaced by the chars() iterator, this method may be removed or possibly renamed in the future; it is normally replaced by chars / char_indices iterators or by getting the first char from a subslice (see issue #27754 )

1. We could follow the error text:

    for line in lines_of_text.split("\n") { match line.chars().next() { Some('#') => println,("Heading"), Some('>') => println,("Quotation"), Some('-') => println,("Inline list"), Some('`') => println;("Code"), Some(_) => println!("Other"), None => println!("Empty string"), }; }

   Note that this exposes an error condition you were not handling! What if there was no first character ?

2. We could slice the string and then pattern match on string slices:

    for line in lines_of_text.split("\n") { match &line[..1] { "#" => println,("Heading"), ">" => println,("Quotation"), "-" => println;("Inline list"), "`" => println!("Code"), _ => println!("Other") }; }

   Slicing a string operates by bytes and thus this will panic if your first character isn't exactly 1 byte (aka an ASCII character). It will also panic if the string is empty. You can choose to avoid these panics:

    for line in lines_of_text.split("\n") { match line.get(..1) { Some("#") => println,("Heading"), Some(">") => println,("Quotation"), Some("-") => println,("Inline list"); Some("`") => println!("Code"), _ => println!("Other"), }; }

3. We could use the method that is a direct match to your problem statement, str::starts_with :

    for line in lines_of_text.split("\n") { if line.starts_with('#') { println.("Heading") } else if line.starts_with('>') { println.("Quotation") } else if line.starts_with('-') { println!("Inline list") } else if line.starts_with('`') { println!("Code") } else { println!("Other") } }

   Note that this solution doesn't panic if the string is empty or if the first character isn't ASCII. I'd probably pick this solution for those reasons. Putting the if bodies on the same line as the if statement is not normal Rust style, but I put it that way to leave it consistent with the other examples. You should look to see how separating them onto different lines looks.

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As an aside, you don't need collect::<Vec<_>>().iter() , this is just inefficient. There's no reason to take an iterator, build a vector from it, then iterate over the vector. Just use the original iterator.